Article Figures & Data
Tables
- Table 1
Hospital and ICU characteristics
Variables Levels n/Median %/IQR Hospital size <250 beds 2 4.08% 250–499 beds 16 32.65% 500–749 beds 18 36.73% 750–999 beds 7 14.29% ≥1000 beds 6 12.24% State trauma center designation Level 1 45 91.84% Level 2 4 8.16% American College of Surgeons verified No 10 20.41% Yes 39 79.59% Urban 48 97.95% Rural 1 2.04% University 29 59.1% Non-university 20 40.8% Geographic location Northeast 10 20.4% Southeast 9 18.3% Midwest 8 16.3% Southwest 9 18.3% West 13 26.5% Adult ICU beds, n 70 (53–102) Pediatric ICU beds, n 30 (0–73) Total ICU beds, n 105 (64–181) Number of trauma patients evaluated as a formal ‘trauma activation’ per year <1000 5 10.20% 1000–1999 15 30.61% 2000–2999 13 26.53% 3000–3999 5 10.20% ≥4000 11 22.45% ICU, intensive care unit.
- Table 2
Injury categories for trauma patients (n=665)
Injuries n % Rib fractures 277 41.65 Brain 258 38.80 Pneumothorax or hemothorax 205 30.83 Facial fracture 158 23.76 Cervical spine fracture 139 20.90 Lung contusion 139 20.90 Lower extremity long bone fracture 122 18.35 Thoracic spine fracture 108 16.24 Lumbar spine fracture 89 13.38 Upper extremity long bone fracture 89 13.38 Major vascular 88 13.23 Liver 83 12.48 Pelvic fracture—operative 62 9.32 Spleen 58 8.72 Spinal cord injury with neurological deficit 55 8.27 Stomach or small bowel 55 8.27 Pelvic fracture—non-operative 54 8.12 Kidney 45 6.77 Colon or rectum 38 5.71 Pancreas 18 2.71 Categories are not mutually exclusive.
- Table 3
Classification of non-trauma surgical patients (n=536)
Category n % Abdominal 184 34.33 Neurological condition 100 18.66 Other general surgery 80 14.93 Vascular 60 11.19 Cardiac 33 6.16 Plastics or oral-maxillofacial surgery 18 3.36 Transplant 18 3.36 Orthopedic 15 2.80 Thoracic 15 2.80 Burns or inhalation injury 7 1.31 Obstetrics, gynecology, gyn-oncology 6 1.12 Categories are mutually exclusive.
- Table 4
Primary ICU admission diagnosis categories for non-trauma surgical patients (n=536)
ICU admission diagnosis n % Respiratory 195 36.38 Cardiovascular 139 25.93 Infectious 128 23.88 Gastrointestinal 127 23.69 Neurological 106 19.78 Monitoring 89 16.60 Renal 63 11.75 Metabolic 50 9.33 Hematological 41 7.65 Psychiatric 3 0.56 Categories are not mutually exclusive.
ICU, intensive care unit.
- Table 5
ICU diagnoses for all patients (n=1416)
Diagnosis n % Respiratory failure, tracheally intubated 668 47.18 Acute anemia 348 24.58 None 328 23.16 Delirium 221 15.61 Acute kidney injury (without filtration or dialysis) 204 14.41 Sepsis 191 13.49 Coma (Glasgow Coma Scale score <9) 169 11.94 Arrhythmia requiring treatment 107* 11.69 Pneumonia, ventilator associated (VAP) 159 11.23 Septic shock 145 10.24 Respiratory failure, not intubated 96 6.78 Acute kidney injury requiring hemofiltration or dialysis 96 6.78 Skin soft tissue infection 94 6.64 Hemorrhagic shock 60* 6.55 Pneumonia, not ventilator associated (non-VAP) 91 6.43 Intra-abdominal infection 52* 5.68 Multiple organ failure 79 5.58 Pressure ulceration, decubitus, or deep tissue injury 67 4.73 Adult respiratory distress syndrome 62 4.38 Other bleeding 39* 4.26 Myocardial ischemia or infarction 60 4.24 Stroke 57 4.03 Urinary tract infection—catheter associated (CAUTI) 56 3.95 Deep vein thrombosis 53 3.74 Physical agitation requiring in-room supervision 50 3.53 Urinary tract infection (not CAUTI) 38 2.68 Pulmonary embolism 38 2.68 Upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage 34 2.40 Hypoxic/anoxic brain injury 17* 1.85 Adrenal insufficiency treated with steroids 15* 1.63 Central line-associated bloodstream infection 23 1.62 Clostridium difficile colitis 21 1.48 Lower gastrointestinal hemorrhage 14 0.99 ECMO used during this ICU stay 7 0.49 Categories are not mutually exclusive.
*Prevalence calculated using only study day 2 patients, n=915.
ECMO, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation; ICU, intensive care unit.
- Table 6
Operations performed during the hospital stay on ICU patients
Operations All (n=1416)* Trauma (n=665) Non-trauma (n=740) n (%) n (% trauma/% all) n (% non-trauma/% all) Any 995 (70.2) 460 (69.1/32.4) 535 (72.2/37.7) None 421 (29.7) 205 (30.8/14.4) 216 (29.1/15.2) Abdominal surgery 336 (23.7) 127 (19.0/8.9) 209 (28.2/14.7) Other 215 (15.2) 94 (14.1/6.6) 121 (16.3/8.5) Extremity bone, orthopedics 168 (11.9) 151 (22.7/10.6) 17 (2.2/1.2) Soft tissue: injury, infection, fasciotomy 126 (8.9) 41 (6.1/2.8) 85 (11.4/6.0) Spine 112 (7.9) 91 (13.6/6.4) 21 (2.8/1.4) Craniotomy or craniectomy 97 (6.9) 64 (9.6/4.5) 33 (4.4/2.3) Endovascular, including embolization 66 (4.7) 41 (6.1/2.8) 25 (3.3/1.7) Vascular surgery: peripheral, extremities, neck 64 (4.5) 16 (2.4/1.1) 48 (6.4/3.3) Thoracic surgery (non-cardiac, non-vascular) 62 (4.4) 42 (6.3/2.9) 20 (2.7/1.4) Pelvic bone, orthopedics 59 (4.2) 56 (8.4/3.9) 3 (0.4/0.2) Vascular surgery: aorta, central thoracic vessel 43 (3.0) 15 (2.2/1.0) 28 (3.7/1.9) Facial bones 35 (2.5) 32 (4.8/2.2) 3 (0.4/0.2) Cardiac 34 (2.4) 8 (1.2/0.5) 26 (3.5/1.8) Categories are not mutually exclusive.
*Includes 11 patients not categorized as trauma or non-trauma.
ICU, intensive care unit.