Figure 2 Effect of each HDACI treatment on HS-induced IL-1β levels in the (A) intestine and (B) serum. HS resulted in a significant increase in the levels of IL-1β in both the intestine and serum as compared with sham. In the intestine, treatment with each of MC (p<0.0001), ACY (p<0.0001), MC+ACY (p=0.0001), and VPA (p<0.05) significantly decreased the expression of IL-1β compared with the vehicle. Expression of IL-1β in the intestine was significantly lower in the animals treated with ACY compared with VPA (p<0.05). In the serum, treatment with MC (p<0.0001), ACY (p<0.0001), MC+ACY (p<0.0001), and VPA (p<0.01) significantly decreased the expression of IL-1β compared with the vehicle. Expression of IL-1β in the serum was significantly lower in each of the MC and ACY groups as compared with the VPA group (p<0.01). ACY, ACY1083; HDACI, histone deacetylase inhibitor; HS, hemorrhagic shock; IL-1β, interleukin 1 beta; MC, MC1568; NS, normal saline vehicle; VPA, valproic acid; * denotes significance between groups (p<0.05).