Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Figure 1
Total number of discrete peer visits and number of peers with more than one visit from 2013 to 2018.
- Figure 2
Total number of patients attending support groups from 2013 to 2018, along with the number of patients attending >1 support group. *Support group data were unavailable for 2015 and 2016.
Tables
- Table 1
Overview of services offered through Trauma Recovery Services
Service Brief description of service Personnel involved Program initiation Source Educational materials Patients are provided a copy of the TSN Handbook and/or instructions for TSN website access. Peer volunteer or TRS coach 2013 TSN (for TCCS) TRS App Patients are provided information about TRS App that includes information about injuries, hospitalization and recovery. Peer volunteer, TRS coach or research assistant 2017 Novel Coaching Licensed counselor provides emotional support and other counseling as needed to patients and/or family members. TRS coach 2013 Family classes Help prepare family members to assume a caregiving role after discharge. TRS coach 2013 (discontinued in 2015) TSN (for TCCS) Support groups Allowed patients and/or family members to engage in open discussion about their injuries and recovery. TRS coach 2013 TSN (for TCCS) NextSteps classes Self-management classes for patients after hospital discharge. TRS coach 2013 (discontinued in 2015) TSN (for TCCS) Peer mentorship A trauma survivor who can share their story and offer support. Peer volunteers 2013 TSN (for TCCS) Comfort bags Bags containing hygiene products, socks, blankets and other items donated by trauma survivors. Peer volunteers 2014 Novel PTSD screening PCL-5 administered at postdischarge clinic visits. Clinical providers 2017 Novel VOCARP Victim advocacy, educational resources, and referral to internal or external resources for patients with violence-related activations. Social workers 2017 Novel PCL-5, PTSD checklist for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Illness, Fifth Edition; PTSD, post-traumatic stress disorder;TCCS, Trauma Collaborative Care Study; TRS, Trauma Recovery Services;TSN, Trauma Survivors Network; VOCARP, Victims of Crime Advocacy and Recovery Program.
- Table 2
Patient demographics for all who had resource utilization beyond educational materials, coaching, or VOCARP (n=2324 of 4977). Frequency (%) is based on the number of patients with available data
All patients (n=2324) Age, years; mean (SD) 45.4 (18.5) Male 1453 (64.1%) Race and ethnic background Caucasian 1555 (69.0%) African-American 605 (26.9%) Hispanic 93 (4.1%) Other race 82 (3.6%) Marital status Single 1100 (48.8%) Married/significant other 862 (38.3%) Divorced 191 (8.5%) Widowed 100 (4.4%) Emergency contact Spouse/significant other 717 (31.8%) Parent/grandparent 769 (34.1%) Child/grandchild 275 (12.2%) Sibling 201 (8.9%) Friend 101 (4.5%) Other 162 (7.2%) None 27 (1.2%) Employment Employed* 915 (40.7%) Not employed 903 (40.2%) Retired 354 (15.7%) Student 77 (3.4%) Insurance Medicare 370 (18.2%) Medicaid 794 (39.1%) Uninsured 170 (8.4%) Managed care 359 (17.7%) Commercial 232 (11.4%) BWC 100 (4.9%) Mechanism of injury Assault 36 (1.6%) ATV/dirt bike/snowmobile 40 (1.8%) Burn 15 (0.7%) Crush 77 (3.4%) Fall 569 (25.3%) Motor vehicle collision 717 (31.8%) Motorcycle collision 270 (12.0%) Other 40 (1.8%) Pedestrian struck 127 (5.6%) Penetrating (GSW or stab) 314 (13.9%) Sport related 48 (2.1%) Injuries Head/neck 429 (19.1%) Face 204 (9.1%) Chest 555 (24.7%) Spine 339 (15.1%) Abdomen 322 (14.3%) Pelvis 207 (9.2%) Upper extremity 457 (20.4%) Lower extremity 891 (39.7%) ≥1 orthopedic injury† 1519 (67.7%) *Includes four patients who were currently active duty in the US military.
†Includes injuries to the spine, pelvis and/or extremities.
ATV, all-terrain vehicle; BWC, Bureau of Worker’s Compensation; GSW, gunshot wound; VOCARP, Victims of Crime Advocacy and Recovery Program.
- Table 3
Summary of services used from 2013 to 2018
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Total Direct contact 209 574 674 601 683 576 3317 Peer visit 19 275 340 423 414 356 1827 Support group 12 11 N/A N/A 56 33 114 Comfort bag 3 49 N/A 64 31 147 PTSD screening 263 219 482 VOCARP 244 730 974 Blank cells indicate services that were not rolled out in the listed year.
N/A, not available; PTSD, post-traumatic stress disorder; VOCARP, Victims of Crime Advocacy and Recovery Program.
- Table 4
Breakdown of patient demographics and injury patterns for different services used. Frequency (%) is based on the number of patients with available data
>1 peer visit (n=489) (21%) Support group (n=114) (4.9%) VOC (n=140) (6.0%) PTSD screening (n=482) (20.7%) P value* Age, years; mean (SD) 43.9 (18.2) 43.6 (16.1) 32.6 (12.1) 43.6 (17.6) <0.001 Male 307 (62%) 36 (61%) 107 (78%) 312 (65%) 0.014 Race/ethnicity Caucasian 355 (73%) 37 (66%) 41 (30%) 287 (60%) <0.001 African-American 105 (22%) 16 (29%) 89 (64%) 174 (36%) <0.001 Hispanic/other race 29 (6%) 3 (5.4%) 9 (6.5%) 21 (4.4%) 0.60 Marital status Single 235 (48%) 23 (42%) 105 (76%) 266 (55%) <0.001 Married/significant other 193 (40%) 31 (56%) 27 (20%) 154 (32%) <0.001 Divorced/widowed 61 (13%) 1 (1.8%) 6 (4.3%) 62 (13%) 0.003 Employment Employed 222 (45%) 27 (52%) 36 (26%) 174 (36%) <0.001 Not employed 183 (37%) 14 (27%) 87 (63%) 227 (47%) <0.001 Retired 65 (13%) 8 (15%) 4 (3%) 56 (12%) 0.006 Student 19 (4%) 3 (6%) 11 (8%) 25 (5%) 0.15 Hospital LOS, days; mean (SD) 16.7 (14.9) 12.4 (12.4) 9.4 (12.1) 4.9 (6.1) <0.001 Mechanism of injury Assault 0 (0) 0 (0) 5 (3.6%) 14 (2.9%) – ATV/dirt bike/snowmobile 10 (2.0%) 1 (1.9%) 0 (0) 16 (3.3%) – Burn 2 (0.4%) 1 (1.9%) 1 (0.7%) 6 (1.2%) 0.44 Crush 22 (4.5%) 4 (7.5%) 0 (0) 13 (2.7%) – Fall 80 (16%) 7 (13.2%) 1 (0.7%) 157 (33%) <0.001 Motor vehicle collision 184 (37%) 18 (34%) 11 (8.0%) 98 (20%) <0.001 Motorcycle collision 92 (19%) 8 (15%) 4 (2.9%) 43 (9%) <0.001 Other 9 (1.8%) 2 (3.8%) 2 (1.4%) 8 (1.7%) 0.73 Pedestrian struck 28 (5.7%) 4 (7.5%) 7 (5.1%) 22 (4.6%) 0.74 Penetrating (GSW/stab) 53 (11%) 7 (13.2%) 107 (78%) 99 (21%) <0.001 Sports related 9 (1.8%) 1 (1.9%) 0 (0) 6 (1.2%) – Injuries Head/neck 102 (21%) 9 (19%) 17 (12%) 29 (6%) <0.001 Face 49 (10%) 4 (8.3%) 18 (13%) 32 (6.6%) 0.081 Chest 117 (24%) 15 (31%) 27 (20%) 78 (16%) 0.006 Spine 90 (18%) 5 (10%) 8 (5.8%) 41 (8.5%) <0.001 Abdomen 87 (18%) 11 (23%) 45 (33%) 62 (13%) <0.001 Pelvis 64 (13%) 6 (13%) 8 (5.8%) 40 (8.3%) 0.023 Upper extremity 121 (25%) 19 (40%) 25 (18%) 107 (22%) 0.019 Lower extremity 200 (41%) 29 (60%) 57 (41%) 316 (66%) <0.001 Bold type denotes statistical significance.
*P values represent comparisons between all groups.
ATV, all-terrain vehicle; GSW, gunshot wound; LOS, length of stay; PTSD, post-traumatic stress disorder; VOC, victims of crime.
- Table 5
Breakdown of patient demographics and injury patterns by number of peer visits. Frequency (%) is based on the number of patients in a given column with available data
1 Peer visit (n=1334) (73%) 2 Peer visits (n=326) (17.8%) 3+ Peer visits (n=168) (9.2%) P value* Demographics Age, years; mean (SD) 46.6±18.7 45.3±18.6 41.2±17.1 0.002 Male 873 (65%) 194 (60%) 113 (68%) 0.099 Race/ethnicity Caucasian 952 (72%) 236 (73%) 119 (72%) 0.914 African-American 324 (25%) 71 (22%) 34 (21%) 0.370 Hispanic/other race 49 (3.7%) 16 (5%) 13 (7.8%) 0.040 Marital status Single 624 (47%) 153 (47%) 82 (49%) 0.882 Married/significant other 531 (40%) 126 (39%) 67 (40%) 0.928 Divorced 111 (8.4%) 32 (9.9%) 12 (7.2%) 0.554 Widowed 61 (4.6%) 12 (3.7%) 5 (3%) 0.532 Employment Employed 546 (41%) 140 (43%) 82 (49%) 0.139 Not employed 515 (39%) 120 (37%) 63 (38%) 0.823 Retired 229 (17%) 50 (16%) 15 (9%) 0.022 Student 36 (2.7%) 13 (4%) 6 (3.6%) 0.430 Insurance Medicare/Medicaid 785 (59%) 166 (51%) 89 (54%) 0.020 Uninsured 102 (7.7%) 26 (8.0%) 11 (6.6%) 0.848 BWC 52 (3.9%) 20 (6.2%) 14 (8.4%) 0.015 Managed care/commercial 386 (29%) 111 (34%) 52 (31%) 0.189 Injurycharacteristics Mechanism of injury Assault 24 (1.8%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) – ATV/dirt bike/snowmobile 17 (1.3%) 7 (2.2%) 3 (1.8%) 0.474 Burn 6 (0.5%) 2 (0.6%) 0 (0%) – Crush 39 (2.9%) 12 (3.7%) 10 (6%) 0.111 Fall 335 (25.2%) 66 (20%) 14 (8.4%) <0.001 Motor vehicle collision 454 (34.2%) 123 (38%) 61 (37%) 0.419 Motorcycle collision 154 (11.6%) 53 (16%) 39 (24%) <0.001 Other 23 (1.7%) 5 (1.5%) 4 (2.4%) 0.787 Pedestrian struck 76 (5.7%) 16 (5%) 12 (7.2%) 0.577 Penetrating (GSW/stab) 167 (12.6%) 32 (9.9%) 21 (12.7%) 0.397 Sports related 34 (2.6%) 7 (2.2%) 2 (1.2%) 0.557 Hospital LOS, days; mean (SD) 9.2±9.6 13.5±11.3 23±17.7 <0.001 *P values represent comparisons between all groups.
ATV, all-terrain vehicle; BWC, Bureau of Worker’s Compensation; GSW, gunshot wound; LOS, length of stay.
