HR/BP/UOP | Indirect measure | Many confounding factors | No |
Serum lactate | Malperfusion causing anaerobic cellular respiration | Decreased clearance in liver disease | No |
CVP | Estimate of right-sided filling pressure | Many things falsely elevate CVP including pulmonary HTN and CHF | No |
SvO2 | Measure of oxygen delivery | Systemic shunting may falsely elevate | No |
PAC | Cardiac filling pressures and thermo-dilution | Invasive. Waveforms subject to interpretation | Possibly via elevated PA pressures |
PPV/SVV | Cardiac output variation secondary to the respiratory cycle | Irregular HR; low tidal volumes; spontaneous respiration | No |
Echocardiography | Direct measure of ventricular filling and cardiac function | Image acquisition and interpretation; learning curve | Possible via RV size and lack of change in caval size with respiration |