Article Figures & Data
Tables
- Table 1
Characteristics of patients before matching
Variable Unmatched analysis Exact matched analysis P value Values Not African–American
(n=519 618)African–American (n=82 150) P values Not African–American
(n=56 161)African–American
(n=56 161)Age Median (Q1 to Q3) 57 (37 to 74) 37 (25 to 55) <0.001 42 (27 to 59) 42(27 to 59) 1 Sex Female 197 616 (38) 20 014 (24.4) <0.001 14 808 (26.4) 14 808 (26.4) 1 Male 322 002 (62) 62 136 (75.6) 41 353 (73.6) 41 353 (73.6) Hypotension 0 503 073 (96.8) 77 937 (94.9) <0.001 55 546 (98.9) 55 546 (98.9) 1 1 16 545 (3.2) 4213 (5.1) 615 (1.1) 615 (1.1) ISS Median (Q1 to Q3) 12 (9 to 17) 12 (9 to 18) <0.001 10 (9 to 17) 10 (9 to 17) 1 GCS score Median (Q1 to Q3) 15 (15 to 15) 15 (14 to 15) <0.001 15 (15 to 15) 15 (15 to 15) 1 Injury type Blunt 495 856 (95.4) 56 859 (69.2) <0.001 46 300 (82.4) 46 300 (82.4) 1 Penetrating 23 762 (4.6) 25 291 (30.8) 9861 (17.6) 9861 (17.6) Insurance Blue Cross/Blue Shield 23 915 (4.6) 2181 (2.7) <0.001 1433 (2.6) 1433 (2.6) 1 Medicaid 49 081 (9.4) 19 469 (23.7) 11 558 (20.6) 11 558 (20.6) Medicare 175 971 (33.9) 13 101 (15.9) 11 175 (19.9) 11 175 (19.9) No fault automobile 25 867 (5) 2937 (3.6) 2086 (3.7) 2086 (3.7) Not billed (for any reason) 1245 (0.2) 492 (0.6) 126 (0.2) 126 (0.2) Other 15 181 (2.9) 2721 (3.3) 1420 (2.5) 1420 (2.5) Other government 11 893 (2.3) 2573 (3.1) 1422 (2.5) 1422 (2.5) Private/commercial insurance 152 989 (29.4) 18 005 (21.9) 14 039 (25) 14 039 (25) Self-pay 54 497 (10.5) 19 887 (24.2) 12 353 (22) 12 353 (22) Workers’ compensation 8979 (1.7) 784 (1) 549 (1) 549 (1) ACS trauma level <0.001 1 I 349 881 (67.3) 64 041 (78) 44 347 (79) 44 347 (79) II 169 737 (32.7) 18 109 (22) 11 814 (21) 11 814 (21) Hypotension denotes a systolic blood pressure of <90 mm Hg.
ACS, American College of Surgeons; GCS, Glasgow Coma Scale; ISS, Injury Severity Score.
- Table 2
AbbreviatedInjury Scale score of ≥2 different body regions
Variable Values All
(N=601 768)Not African–American
(n=519 618)African–American
(n=82 150)Abdomen 0 531 137 (88.3) 463 287 (89.2) 67 850 (82.6) 1 70 631 (11.7) 56 331 (10.8) 14 300 (17.4) Brain 0 386 823 (64.3) 329 046 (63.3) 57 777 (70.3) 1 214 945 (35.7) 190 572 (36.7) 24 373 (29.7) Face 0 550 195 (91.4) 475 352 (91.5) 74 843 (91.1) 1 51 573 (8.6) 44 266 (8.5) 7307 (8.9) Neck 0 593 602 (98.6) 513 082 (98.7) 80 520 (98) 1 8166 (1.4) 6536 (1.3) 1630 (2) Pelvis 0 571 990 (95.1) 494 321 (95.1) 77 669 (94.5) 1 29 778 (4.9) 25 297 (4.9) 4481 (5.5) Spine 0 586 322 (97.4) 507 136 (97.6) 79 186 (96.4) 1 15 446 (2.6) 12 482 (2.4) 2964 (3.6) Thorax 0 410 006 (68.1) 355 054 (68.3) 54 952 (66.9) 1 191 762 (31.9) 164 564 (31.7) 27 198 (33.1) Extremities 0 385 543 (64.1) 332 477 (64) 53 066 (64.6) 1 216 225 (35.9) 187 141 (36) 29 084 (35.4) - Table 3
AbbreviatedInjury Scale score >2 of different body regions
Variable Values All
(N=112 322)Not African–American
(n=56 161)African–American
(n=56 161)Abdomen 0 98 339 (87.6) 49 157 (87.5) 49 182 (87.6) 1 13 983 (12.4) 7004 (12.5) 6979 (12.4) Brain 0 78 805 (70.2) 39 422 (70.2) 39 383 (70.1) 1 33 517 (29.8) 16 739 (29.8) 16 778 (29.9) Face 0 103 794 (92.4) 52 133 (92.8) 51 661 (92) 1 8528 (7.6) 4028 (7.2) 4500 (8) Neck 0 110 753 (98.6) 55 339 (98.5) 55 414 (98.7) 1 1569 (1.4) 822 (1.5) 747 (1.3) Pelvis 0 106 940 (95.2) 53 737 (95.7) 53 203 (94.7) 1 5382 (4.8) 2424 (4.3) 2958 (5.3) Spine 0 109 326 (97.3) 54 882 (97.7) 54 444 (96.9) 1 2996 (2.7) 1279 (2.3) 1717 (3.1) Thorax 0 78 062 (69.5) 38 545 (68.6) 39 517 (70.4) 1 34 260 (30.5) 17 616 (31.4) 16 644 (29.6) Extremities 0 71 937 (64) 36 952 (65.8) 34 985 (62.3) 1 40 385 (36) 19 209 (34.2) 21 176 (37.7) - Table 4
Outcomes
Variable Before matching All
(N=601 768)Not African–American
(n=519 618)African–American
(n=82 150)P value OR (95% CI) Absolute risk difference (95% CI) Total death 0 569 649 (94.7) 491 872 (94.7) 77 777 (94.7) 0.852 0.997
(0.964 to 1.030)−0.00017
(−0.0018 to 0.0015)1 32 119 (5.3) 27 746 (5.3) 4373 (5.3) Exact matched All
(N=112 322)Not African–American
(n=56 161)African–American
(n=56 161)Total death 0 109 014 (97.1) 54 477 (97) 54 537 (97.1) 0.2 0.95 (0.87 to 1.03) −0.001 (−0.003 to 0.001) 1 3308 (2.9) 1684 (3) 1624 (2.9) - Table 5
Discharged disposition
Variable Values All
(N=109 014)Not African–American
(n=54 477)African–American
(n=54 537)P value Hospital disposition Another hospital 3275 (3) 1713 (3.1) 1562 (2.9) <0.001 Home: healthcare 7958 (7.3) 3493 (6.4) 4465 (8.2) Home: no services 70 763 (64.9) 36 293 (66.6) 34 470 (63.2) Hospice care 370 (0.3) 207 (0.4) 163 (0.3) Intermediate care 826 (0.8) 325 (0.6) 501 (0.9) Left against medical advice 1298 (1.2) 644 (1.2) 654 (1.2) Long-term care 5640 (5.2) 2664 (4.9) 2976 (5.5) Skilled nursing care 18 884 (17.3) 9138 (16.8) 9746 (17.9)
African–American and Caucasian mortalities are the same after traumatic injury: pair matched analysis from a national data
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