Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Figure 1
Flow diagram of patient selection. Two hundred and seven patients matched the inclusion criteria. The DVT rates were compared in patients with isolated femoral/popliteal arterial injuries and patients with concomitant femoral/popliteal venous and arterial injuries. DVT, deep venous thrombosis; PTOS, Pennsylvania Trauma Outcome Study.
Tables
- Table 1
Patient characteristics by femoral or popliteal arterial and venous injuries (n=207)
Characteristic Overall sample
(n=207)Patients with isolated arterial injuries
(n=131)Patients with concomitant arterial and venous injuries
(n=76)P value* Age, median (Q1, Q3) 26 (22, 35) 27 (22, 37) 25 (22, 34) 0.6819 Gender, n (%) 0.7866 Male 192 (92.8) 122 (93.1) 70 (92.1) Female 15 (7.2) 9 (6.9) 6 (7.9) Race, n (%) (n=185) (n=116) (n=69) 0.6324 White 42 (22.7) 27 (23.3) 15 (21.7) Black 134 (72.4) 83 (71.5) 51 (73.9) Asian 3 (1.6) 3 (2.6) 0 (0.0) Other 6 (3.3) 3 (2.6) 3 (4.4) ISS, median (Q1, Q3) 10 (10, 17) 10 (10, 17) 14 (10, 17) 0.1701 TRISS, median (Q1, Q3) 0.9868 (0.956, 0.990)
(n=193)0.988 (0.970, 0.990)
(n=124)0.982 (0.908, 0.990)
(n=69)0.0177 AIS, median (Q1, Q3) 3 (3, 4) 3 (3, 4) 3 (3, 4) 0.0639 SBP, mean (SD) 109.14 (38.9)
(n=203)113.1 (35.5)
(n=129)102.2 (43.7)
(n=74)0.0705 HR, mean (SD) 96.5 (33.8)
(n=204)95.16 (30.9)
(n=130)98.85 (38.5)
(n=74)0.4817 GCS, median (Q1, Q3) 15 (14, 15)
(n=205)15 (15, 15)
(n=130)15 (6, 15)
(n=75)0.0095 Blood unit, median (Q1, Q3) 0 (0, 2)
(n=205)0 (0, 1)
(n=129)1 (0, 2.5) 0.0002 MTP, n (%) 26 (23.9)
(n=109)9 (14.1)
(n=64)17 (37.8)
(n=45)0.0060 ICU LOS, median (Q1, Q3) 2 (1, 3) 1 (0, 3) 2 (1, 4) 0.0016 Step-down LOS, median (Q1, Q3) 0 (0, 0) 0 (0, 0) 0 (0, 0) 0.3674 Ventilator days, median (Q1, Q3) 0 (0, 1) 0 (0, 1) 1 (0, 1) 0.0005 Hospital LOS, median (Q1, Q3) 9 (4, 16) 8 (4, 15) 11 (6, 18.5) 0.0124 DVT, n (%) 14 (6.8) 4 (3.1) 10 (13.2) 0.0083 Mortality, n (%) 16 (7.7) 8 (6.1) 8 (10.5) 0.2856 Procedure, n (%) 0.5267 Endovascular repair 41 (19.8) 30 (22.9) 11 (14.5) Open repair 29 (14.0) 18 (13.7) 11 (14.5) Combined approach 55 (26.6) 34 (26.0) 21 (27.6) Neither 82 (39.6) 49 (37.4) 33 (43.4) Vascular injury repair >24 hours, n (%) 3 (2.9)
(n=102)2 (3.9)
(n=51)1 (2.0)
(n=51)>0.9999 Vascular injury repair <24 hours, n (%) 95 (96.9)
(n=98)47 (95.9)
(n=49)48 (98.0)
(n=49)>0.9999 Revision operations, n (%) 6 (2.9) 3 (2.3) 3 (4.0) 0.6712 *P values based on non-parametric Wilcoxon rank-sum tests or parametric two-sample t-tests for continuous variables and Fisher’s exact tests for categorical variable.
AIS, Abbreviated Injury Scale; DVT, deep venous thrombosis; GCS, Glasgow Coma Scale; HR, heart rate; ICU, intensive care unit; ISS, Injury Severity Score; LOS, length of stay; MSP, massive transfusion protocol; SBP, systolic blood pressure; TRISS, Trauma and Injury Severity Score.
- Table 2
Patient characteristics for those with femoral or popliteal arterial and venous injuries with and without DVTs (n=207)
Characteristic Overall sample
(n=207)No DVT
(n=193)DVT
(n=14)P value* Age, median (Q1, Q3) 26 (22, 35) 27 (22, 35) 23 (22, 45) 0.7199 Gender, n (%) >0.9999 Male 192 (92.8) 179 (92.8) 13 (92.9) Female 15 (7.2) 14 (7.2) 1 (7.1) Race, n (%) (n=185) (n=172) (n=13) >0.9999 White 42 (22.7) 39 (22.7) 3 (23.1) Black 134 (72.4) 124 (72.1) 10 (76.9) Asian 3 (1.6) 3 (1.7) 0 (0.0) Other 6 (3.3) 6 (3.5) 0 (0.0) ISS, median (Q1, Q3) 10 (10, 17) 10 (10, 17) 17 (10, 27) 0.0911 TRISS, median (Q1, Q3) 0.9868 (0.956, 0.990)
(n=193)0.987 (0.958, 0.990)
(n=179)0.974 (0.908, 0.982) 0.0416 AIS, median (Q1, Q3) 3 (3, 4) 3 (3, 4) 3.5 (3, 4) 0.2680 SBP, mean (SD) 109.14 (38.9)
(n=203)109.38 (39.6)
(n=189)105.93 (29.4) 0.7498 HR, mean (SD) 96.5 (33.8)
(n=204)95.28 (33.8)
(n=191)114.38 (28.8)
(n=13)0.0484 GCS, median (Q1, Q3) 15 (14, 15)
(n=205)15 (14, 15)
(n=191)15 (14, 15) 0.7438 Blood unit, median (Q1, Q3) 0 (0, 2)
(n=205)0 (0, 2)
(n=191)0.5 (0, 2) 0.3323 MTP, n (%) 26 (23.9)
(n=109)21 (20.4)
(n=103)5 (83.3)
(n=6)0.0028 ICU LOS, median (Q1, Q3) 2 (1, 3) 1 (1, 3) 5 (2, 7) 0.0008 Step-down LOS, median (Q1, Q3) 0 (0, 0) 0 (0, 0) 0 (0, 0) 0.6503 Ventilator days, median (Q1, Q3) 0 (0, 1) 0 (0, 1) 1.5 (1, 2) 0.0007 Hospital LOS, median (Q1, Q3) 9 (4, 16) 9 (4, 15) 17.5 (12, 23) 0.0013 Mortality, n (%) 16 (7.7) 15 (7.7) 1 (7.1) >0.9999 Procedure, n (%) 0.2370 Endovascular repair 41 (19.8) 39 (20.2) 2 (14.3) Open repair 29 (14.0) 25 (13.0) 4 (28.6) Hybrid repair 55 (26.6) 50 (25.9) 5 (35.7) No intervention 82 (39.6) 79 (40.9) 3 (21.4) *P values based on non-parametric Wilcoxon rank-sum tests or parametric two-sample t-tests for continuous variables and Fisher’s exact tests for categorical variables.
AIS, Abbreviated Injury Scale; DVT, deep venous thrombosis; GCS, Glasgow Coma Scale; HR, heart rate; ICU, intensive care unit; ISS, Injury Severity Score; LOS, length of stay; MTP, massive transfusion protocol; SBP, systolic blood pressure; TRISS, Trauma and Injury Severity Score.
- Table 3
Patient characteristics with isolated arterial injuries with and without DVTs (n=131)
Characteristic No DVT
(n=127)DVT
(n=4)P value* Age, median (Q1, Q3) 27 (22, 36) 30.5 (21, 45) 0.8302 Gender, n (%) >0.9999 Male 118 (92.9) 4 (100) Female 9 (7.1) 0 (0) Race, n (%)
(n=69)(n=60) (n=9) 0.3969 White 25 (22.3) 2 (50.0) Black 81 (72.3) 2 (50.0) Asian 3 (2.7) 0 (0) Other 3 (2.7) 0 (0) ISS, median (Q1, Q3) 10 (10, 17) 24.5 (13, 33) 0.1793 TRISS, median (Q1, Q3) 0.989 (0.972, 0.990)
(n=120)0.860 (0.562, 0.955) 0.1282 AIS, median (Q1, Q3) 3 (3, 4) 4 (3.5, 4) 0.1054 SBP, median (Q1, Q3) 118 (102, 135)
(n=125)92.5 (88.5, 108.5) 0.1149 HR, median (Q1, Q3) 94 (80, 114)
(n=126)126 (101, 147)
(n=9)0.0564 GCS, median (Q1, Q3) 15 (15, 15)
(n=126)12.5 (7, 14.5) 0.0143 Blood unit, median (Q1, Q3) 0 (0, 1)
(n=125)1 (0, 2.5) 0.2949 MTP, n (%) 8 (12.9)
(n=62)1 (50)
(n=2)0.2634 ICU LOS, median (Q1, Q3) 1 (0, 3) 3 (2.5, 5) 0.0585 Step-down LOS, median (Q1, Q3) 0 (0, 0) 0 (0, 1) 0.8627 Ventilator days, median (Q1, Q3) 0 (0, 1) 2 (1.5, 2) 0.0020 Hospital LOS, median (Q1, Q3) 8 (4, 15) 17.5 (10.5, 23) 0.0664 Mortality, n (%) 8 (6.3) 0 (0.0) >0.9999 Procedure, n (%) 0.0105 Endovascular repair 30 (23.6) 0 (0.0) Open repair 15 (11.8) 3 (75.0) Hybrid repair 34 (26.8) 0 (0.0) No intervention 48 (37.8) 1 (25.0) *P values are based on non-parametric Wilcoxon two-sample tests for continuous variables and Fisher’s exact tests for categorical variables.
AIS, Abbreviated Injury Scale; DVT, deep venous thrombosis; GCS, Glasgow Coma Scale; HR, heart rate; ICU, intensive care unit; ISS, Injury Severity Score; LOS, length of stay; MTP, massive transfusion protocol; SBP, systolic blood pressure; TRISS, Trauma and Injury Severity Score.
- Table 4
Patient characteristics with isolated femoral and popliteal arterial injuries by repair technique (n=131)
Endovascular repair
(n=30)Open repair
(n=18)Hybrid repair
(n=34)No intervention*(n=49) P value†
2 groupsP value‡
3 groupsAge, median (Q1, Q3) 24 (21, 31) 28 (21, 37) 24.5 (21, 34) 30 (24, 39) 0.2663 0.5033 Gender, n (%) 0.2824 0.3623 Male 26 (86.7) 18 (100) 31 (91.2) 47 (95.9) Female 4 (13.3) 0 (0) 3 (8.8) 2 (4.1) Race, n (%) (n=116) (n=27) (n=31) (n=40) 0.1883 0.4000 White 6 (22.2) 8 (44.4) 6 (19.4) 7 (17.5) Black 20 (74.1) 10 (55.6) 23 (74.2) 30 (75.0) Asian 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 1 (3.2) 2 (5.0) Other 1 (3.7) 0 (0.0) 1 (3.2) 1 (2.5) ISS, median (Q1, Q3) 10.5 (10, 17) 17 (9, 24) 10 (9, 16) 10 (10, 17) 0.7798 0.2582 TRISS, median (Q1, Q3) (n=124) 0.99 (0.98, 0.99) 0.99 (0.74, 0.99)
(n=16)0.99 (0.98, 0.99) 0.99 (0.96, 0.99)
(n=44)0.7899 0.2674 AIS, median (Q1, Q3) 3 (3, 3) 3.5 (3, 4) 3 (3, 3) 3 (3, 4) 0.2829 0.3531 SBP, median (Q1, Q3) (n=129) 117 (107, 130) 108.5 (96, 128) 123 (112, 135) 118 (90, 140)
(n=47)0.4688 0.2590 HR, median (Q1, Q3) (n=130) 89.5 (77, 108) 95.5 (90, 115) 94 (82, 115) 98.5 (76.5, 117)
(n=48)0.1865 0.3921 GCS, median (Q1, Q3) (n=130) 15 (15, 15) 15 (4, 15)
(n=17)15 (15, 15) 15 (15, 15) 0.0686 0.1481 Blood unit, median (Q1, Q3)
(n=129)0 (0, 0) 0 (0, 2) 0 (0, 1)
(n=33)0 (0, 1)
(n=48)0.1785 0.3661 MTP, n (%) (n=64) 1 (5.6)
(n=18)1 (50)
(n=2)0 (0)
(n=1)7 (16.3)
(n=43)0.1947 0.2714 ICU LOS, median (Q1, Q3) 1 (0, 3) 2 (2, 5) 2 (1, 4) 1 (0, 1) 0.0185 0.0403 Step-down LOS,
median (Q1, Q3)0 (0, 2) 0 (0, 0) 0 (0, 0) 0 (0, 0) 0.0442 0.0985 Ventilator days,
median (Q1, Q3)0 (0, 0) 1 (0, 3) 0 (0, 1) 0 (0, 0) 0.0020 0.0053 Hospital LOS,
median (Q1, Q3)6 (4, 11) 11.5 (5, 20) 12 (8, 16) 4 (3, 9) 0.1026 0.0150 *The no intervention group was not included in any of the significance testing.
†P values were used to examine differences between the open and endovascular repair groups, and were based on non-parametric Wilcoxon rank-sum tests or parametric two-sample t-tests for continuous variables and Fisher’s exact tests for categorical variables.
‡P values were used to examine differences between all three repair groups (endovascular, open, hybrid), and were based on non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis tests or parametric analysis of variance (ANOVA) tests for continuous variables and Fisher’s exact tests for categorical variables.
AIS, Abbreviated Injury Scale; GCS, Glasgow Coma Scale; HR, heart rate; ICU, intensive care unit; ISS, Injury Severity Score; LOS, length of stay; MTP, massive transfusion protocol; SBP, systolic blood pressure; TRISS, Trauma and Injury Severity Score.
