Age, mean (SD), years | 75 (13) | 76 (13) | 76 (13) |
Female, no. (%) | 57 (45%) | 27 (43%) | 57 (42%) |
Ethnicity, no. (%) | | | |
Caucasian | 111 (87%) | 54 (86%) | 119 (88%) |
African-American | 10 (8%) | 6 (10%) | 7 (5%) |
Hispanic/Latino | 6 (5%) | 3 (5%) | 7 (5%) |
Other | 1 (1%) | 0 (0%) | 3 (2%) |
Mechanism of injury, no. (%) | | | |
Fall | 100 (78%) | 56 (89%) | 110 (81%) |
Motor vehicle crash | 14 (11%) | 1 (2%)* | 19 (14%)* |
Bicycle accident | 2 (2%) | 2 (3%) | 1 (1%) |
Motorcycle accident | 3 (2%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (1%) |
Pedestrian struck by vehicle | 5 (4%) | 1 (2%) | 2 (1%) |
Blunt injury to head (not fall) | 3 (2%) | 3 (5%) | 2 (1%) |
Other | 1 (1%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (1%) |
Signs of head trauma, no. (%) | 113 (88%)* | 52 (83%) | 99 (73%)* |
Symptoms, no. (%) | | | |
Loss of consciousness | 55 (43%)* | 22 (35%) | 31 (23%)* |
Headache | 63 (49%) | 32 (51%) | 52 (38%) |
Seizure | 1 (1%) | 1 (2%) | 2 (1%) |
Nausea | 5 (4%) | 5 (8%) | 10 (7%) |
Vomiting | 3 (2%) | 3 (5%) | 5 (4%) |
Dizziness | 5 (4%) | 5 (8%) | 11 (8%) |
Initial GCS group, no. (%) | | | |
Mild (13–15) | 119 (93%) | 61 (97%) | 129 (95%) |
Moderate (9–12) | 5 (4%) | 2 (3%) | 4 (3%) |
Severe (3–8) | 4 (3%) | 0 (0%) | 3 (2%) |
Injury severity score, mean (SD) | 10 (9) | 9 (10) | 12 (13) |
Initial vital signs, mean (SD) | | | |
Systolic blood pressure, mmHg | 147 (30) | 148 (24) | 145 (27) |
Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg | 76 (18) | 76 (18) | 74 (18) |
Heart rate, beats/min | 85 (17)* | 81 (15) | 79 (18)* |
Respiratory rate, breaths/min | 19 (4)* | 18 (3) | 18 (2)* |
Oxygen saturation, % | 97 (3) | 96 (5) | 96 (8) |
Platelet count, mean (SD), ×109/L | 218 (63) | 209 (64) | 208 (72) |
INR, mean (SD) | 1.04 (0.10) | 1.05 (0.12) | 1.06 (0.11) |