Article Figures & Data
- Figure 1
Urban trauma center density. Plots the level 1 and 2 trauma centers in 8 of the largest 15 cities in the USA. Colored polygons represent 20 min drive radius of the level 1 trauma centers. Online supplemental materials include all cities mapped.
- Table 1
Demographics of largest 15 US metropolitan areas
Population Size (km2) Population density (person/km2) High-level trauma centers High-level center population density (person/center) High-level center geographic density (km2/center) New York 8 443 713 485.1 17406.1 16 527 732 30.3 Los Angeles 3 990 469 4754.1 5291.7 14 285 034 53.9 Chicago 2 705 988 365.8 7397.5 10 270 599 36.6 Houston 2 295 982 1025.8 2238.2 4 573 996 256.5 Phoenix 1 610 071 832.8 1933.3 9 178 897 92.5 Philadelphia 1 575 522 215.8 7300.8 7 225 075 30.8 San Antonio 1 486 521 741.7 2004.2 2 743 261 370.9 San Diego 1 401 932 523.2 2679.5 4 350 483 130.8 Dallas 1 318 806 548.5 2404.4 7 188 401 78.4 San Jose 1 026 658 285.7 3593.5 3 342 219 95.2 Austin 935 755 503.2 1859.6 4 233 939 125.8 Jacksonville 878 907 1202.5 730.9 4 219 727 300.6 San Francisco 870 044 75.5 11523.8 1 870 044 75.5 Columbus 867 628 351.5 2468.4 4 216 907 87.9 Indianapolis 857 637 581.6 1474.6 3 285 879 193.9 All demographic data were estimates from 2018.
- Table 2
Demographics and social determinants of health by metropolitan area
Median age (years) Gender
(% female)Median income ($) Educational attainment* (%) Poverty rate (%) Unemployment rate (%) New York 37.9 48.3 60 762 81.6 18.9 3.6 Los Angeles 35.8 50.0 58 385 77.0 19.1 4.0 Chicago 34.9 51.2 55 198 84.5 19.5 5.5 Houston 32.9 50.4 51 140 78.3 20.6 3.6 Phoenix 33.5 50.3 54 765 81.5 19.4 3.3 Philadelphia 34.5 52.6 43 744 83.9 24.9 5.0 San Antonio 33.7 50.3 50 980 82.0 18.6 3.8 San Diego 35.4 49.5 75 456 87.9 13.8 3.5 Dallas 32.7 50.1 50 100 76.5 20.4 4.3 San Jose 37.0 49.9 104 234 84.2 9.1 2.8 Austin 33.6 49.6 67 462 89.1 14.5 2.8 Jacksonville 35.8 51.7 52 576 89.2 15.9 3.7 San Francisco 38.3 48.9 104 552 88.5 10.9 2.6 Columbus 32.2 51.2 51 612 89.5 20.4 3.5 Indianapolis 34.2 51.9 46 442 85.5 19.1 4.0 All social determinants of health data were from 2018.
*Educational attainment defined as percentage of the population that obtained high school degree or higher.
- Table 3
Violent crimes by metropolitan areas (per 100 000)
Year Homicide, N (per 100 000) Rape, N (per 100 000) Robbery, N (per 100 000) Aggravated assault, N (per 100 000) Total violent crime, N (per 100 000) New York 2016 335 (4.0) 2372 (28.1) 15 544 (184.1) 30 873 (365.6) 49 124 (561.8) Los Angeles 2018 258 (3.1) 2528 (29.9) 10 327 (122.3) 17 013 (201.5) 30 126 (356.8) Chicago 2018 563 (6.7) 1798 (21.3) 9684 (114.7) 15 312 (181.3) 27 357 (324.0) Houston 2018 276 (3.3) 1261 (14.9) 8761 (103.8) 13 764 (163.0) 24 062 (285.0) Phoenix 2018 132 (1.6) 1086 (12.9) 3112 (36.9) 7780 (92.1) 12 110 (143.4) Philadelphia 2018 351 (4.2) 1095 (13.0) 5262 (62.3) 7712 (91.3) 14 420 (170.8) San Antonio 2018 107 (1.3) 1346 (15.9) 1767 (20.9) 6427 (76.1) 9647 (114.3) San Diego 2018 35 (0.4) 605 (7.2) 1439 (17.0) 3281 (38.9) 5360 (63.5) Dallas 2018 155 (1.8) 828 (9.8) 3987 (47.2) 5452 (64.6) 10 422 (123.4) San Jose 2018 28 (0.3) 615 (7.3) 1593 (18.9) 2208 (26.1) 4444 (52.6) Austin 2018 32 (0.4) 787 (9.3) 1021 (12.1) 1880 (22.3) 3720 (44.1) Jacksonville 2018 110 (1.3) 535 (6.3) 1323 (15.7) 3413 (40.4) 5381 (63.7) San Francisco 2018 46 (0.5) 354 (4.2) 3165 (37.5) 2579 (30.5) 6144 (72.8) Columbus 2018 99 (1.2) 820 (9.7) 1922 (22.8) 1575 (18.7) 4416 (52.3) Indianapolis 2018 182 (2.2) 677 (8.0) 3081 (36.5) 7250 (85.9) 11 170 (132.3) - Table 4
Correlation between social determinants of health, violence and trauma center density
Level 1 population density Level 1 geographic density High-level* population density High-level* geographic density R P value† R P value† R P value† R P value† Social determinants of health Median income 0.29 0.3 −0.17 0.6 0.42 0.1 −0.23 0.4 Education −0.08 0.8 0.21 0.5 −0.01 1.0 0.08 0.8 Poverty rate −0.25 0.4 −0.14 0.6 −0.32 0.3 −0.06 0.8 Unemployment rate −0.41 0.1 −0.28 0.3 −0.35 0.2 −0.17 0.6 Violence Homicide −0.10 0.7 −0.35 0.2 −0.13 0.6 −0.32 0.3 Assault 0.26 0.4 −0.30 0.3 0.14 0.6 −0.28 0.3 Total violent crime 0.27 0.3 −0.33 0.3 0.13 0.6 −0.32 0.3 *High-level signifies level 1 and 2 state designated centers.
†P value generated from Pearson correlation test.
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Additional Files
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