Article Figures & Data
- Figure 1
Age distribution of 539,032 patients with traumatic brain injury, ages 10–89.
- Figure 2
Percent mortality by age decade and Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) risk category.
- Table 1
Conditional probability of in-hospital mortality (%) by age and ED GCS score—development set
Mortality (%) by GCS Teens
(n=37,515)20s
(n=62,348)30s
(n=42,162)40s
(n=44,780)50s
(n=57,764)60s
(n=51,328)70s
(n=51,338)80s
(n=56,713)3 20.56 25.07 25.13 28.84 40.71 55.07 68.09 75.46 4 15.88 19.61 19.67 22.82 33.37 47.20 60.88 69.17 5 13.21 16.43 16.48 19.24 28.76 41.88 55.64 64.39 6 8.23 10.39 10.42 12.32 19.22 29.81 42.51 51.59 7 6.02 7.65 7.67 9.12 14.53 23.28 34.56 43.22 8 4.65 5.93 5.94 7.09 11.45 18.75 28.66 36.68 9 3.78 4.83 4.85 5.80 9.44 15.69 24.47 31.84 10 3.12 4.00 4.01 4.81 7.88 13.25 21.00 27.71 11 2.43 3.12 3.13 3.76 6.21 10.57 17.06 22.87 12 1.83 2.35 2.36 2.83 4.71 8.11 13.31 18.13 13 1.34 1.73 1.74 2.09 3.49 6.06 10.09 13.93 14 0.67 0.87 0.87 1.05 1.76 3.11 5.29 7.45 15 0.31 0.40 0.40 0.48 0.82 1.45 2.49 3.55 ED, emergency department; GCS, Glasgow Coma Scale.
- Table 2
Revised GCS risk categories for mortality based on age
ED GCS Standard Revised GCS category, by age GCS category 10–19 20s and 30s 40s 50s 60s 70s 80s 3 Severe High (severe) High (severe) High (severe) High (severe) High (severe) High (severe) High (severe) 4 Severe High (severe) High (severe) High (severe) High (severe) High (severe) High (severe) High (severe) 5 Severe High (severe) High (severe) High (severe) High (severe) High (severe) High (severe) High (severe) 6 Severe Moderate Moderate High (severe) High (severe) High (severe) High (severe) High (severe) 7 Severe Moderate Moderate Moderate High (severe) High (severe) High (severe) High (severe) 8 Severe Moderate Moderate Moderate High (severe) High (severe) High (severe) High (severe) 9 Moderate Moderate Moderate Moderate Moderate High (severe) High (severe) High (severe) 10 Moderate Low (mild) Moderate Moderate Moderate High (severe) High (severe) High (severe) 11 Moderate Low (mild) Low (mild) Moderate Moderate Moderate High (severe) High (severe) 12 Moderate Low (mild) Low (mild) Low (mild) Moderate Moderate High (severe) High (severe) 13 Mild Low (mild) Low (mild) Low (mild) Low (mild) Moderate Moderate High (severe) 14 Mild Low (mild) Low (mild) Low (mild) Low (mild) Low (mild) Moderate Moderate 15 Mild Low (mild) Low (mild) Low (mild) Low (mild) Low (mild) Low (mild) Low (mild) ED, emergency department; GCS, Glasgow Coma Scale.
- Table 3
AUROC for outcomes using standard and revised GCS risk categories—validation set
Population n/N Standard
GCSRevised GCS Difference P value Mortality 5306/135,084 0.755 0.800 −0.045 <0.001 Mortality, subsets Isolated TBI* 586/17,533 0.714 0.766 −0.052 <0.001 Not transferred 4155/97,819 0.778 0.818 −0.040 <0.001 Fall cause of injury 2910/59,860 0.710 0.761 −0.051 <0.001 Blunt mechanism 4837/130,098 0.742 0.791 −0.049 <0.001 Penetrating injury 469/4986 0.872 0.878 −0.006 0.136 Neurosurgical procedure 9504/135,084 0.645 0.657 −0.013 <0.001 Unfavorable disposition 37,563/135,084 0.589 0.648 −0.059 <0.001 Bolding denotes statistical significance with < 0.001.
*Isolated TBI defined by AIS scores ≤1 in non-head regions. AIS scores were only documented in the NTDB for 17.0% of patients.
AIS, Abbreviated Injury Scale; AUROC, area under the receiver operator characteristic curve; GCS, Glasgow Coma Scale; NTDB, National Trauma Data Bank; TBI, traumatic brain injury.
- Table 4
Percentage of patients whose revised GCS category differed from the standard GCS category, by age decile—validation set
ED GCS (%) 10–19 20s 30s 40s 50s 60s 70s 80s 3 (3.28) – – – – – – – – 4 (0.36) – – – – – – – – 5 (0.35) – – – – – – – – 6 (0.79) 0.85% 1.04% 1.03% – – – – – 7 (0.88) 0.99% 1.46% 1.20% 0.86% – – – – 8 (0.84) 0.86% 1.17% 0.96% 0.94% – – – – 9 (0.81) – – – – – 0.71% 0.60% 0.77% 10 (1.03) 0.79% – – – – 1.04% 0.99% 1.19% 11 (1.26) 1.33% 1.27% 1.18% – – – 1.16% 1.33% 12 (1.62) 1.34% 1.73% 1.84% 1.71% – – 1.40% 1.68% 13 (3.48) – – – – – 3.34% 3.09% 3.54% 14 (15.43) – – – – – – 16.08% 19.23% 15 (69.87) – – – – – – – – Overall 6.16% 6.67% 6.21% 3.51% 0.00% 5.10% 23.33% 27.73% The ‘–’ indicates the standard GCS category and revised GCS category overlapped; thus, the GCS revision did not affect patients in that combination of age decade and GCS score.
ED, emergency department; GCS, Glasgow Coma Scale.
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