Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Figure 1
Histogram demonstrating rate (%) of an infectious complication by number of re-explorations.
- Figure 2
Histogram demonstrating number of infectious complications by number of re-explorations. IC, infectious complication.
Tables
- Table 1
Associations of variables with developing an infectious complication
Variable, n (%) No IC
4922 (66.2)IC
2509 (33.8)P value Number of re-explorations <0.001 1 3503 (71.2) 1270 (50.6) 2 834 (16.9) 561 (22.4) 3 278 (5.7) 265 (10.6) 4 134 (2.7) 159 (6.3) ≥5 173 (3.5) 254 (10.1) Age, ≥55 years 716 (14.6) 436 (17.4) 0.001 Male 3951 (80.3) 2048 (81.6) 0.172 Blunt mechanism 2023 (41.2) 1151 (45.9) <0.001 Interhospital transfer 733 (14.9) 349 (13.9) 0.256 Comorbidities Hypertension 523 (10.6) 344 (13.7) <0.001 Alcoholism 304 (6.2) 181 (7.2) 0.087 Respiratory disease 175 (3.6) 119 (4.7) 0.013 Bleeding disorder 90 (1.8) 74 (3.0) 0.002 Diabetes mellitus 216 (4.4) 132 (5.3) 0.092 Current smoker 812 (16.5) 481 (19.2) 0.004 Obesity 253 (5.1) 198 (7.9) <0.001 Cirrhosis 84 (1.7) 27 (1.1) 0.034 Drug abuse or dependence 274 (5.6) 159 (6.3) 0.180 Injury Severity Score <0.001 <16 1111 (22.6) 335 (13.3) ≥16 3811 (77.4) 2174 (86.7) Glasgow Coma Scale score 0.001 13–15 3215 (65.3) 1544 (61.5) 3–12 1707 (34.7) 965 (38.5) Abnormal ED vital signs Oxygen saturation <95% 714 (17.0) 444 (20.7) <0.001 Temperature <36.4°C or >37.6°C 3560 (72.3) 1889 (75.3) 0.006 Pulse <60 or >100 beats/min 2864 (59.4) 1587 (64.4) <0.001 SBP <90 mm Hg 1362 (27.7) 720 (28.7) 0.352 RR <12 or >16 breaths/min 3749 (80.6) 1947 (82.9) 0.020 In-hospital mortality 833 (16.9) 283 (11.3) <0.001 HLOS (days) <0.001 1–6 1011 (20.5) 40 (1.6) >7 3911 (79.5) 2469 (98.4) ICULOS (days) <0.001 0 291 (5.9) 56 (2.2) 1–6 2490 (50.6) 391 (15.6) >7 2141 (43.5) 2062 (82.2) Ventilator days <0.001 0 771 (15.7) 172 (6.9) 1–5 2446 (49.7) 474 (18.9) >5 1705 (34.6) 1863 (74.2) Bolded p values indicate statistical significance.
ED, emergency department; HLOS, hospital length of stay; IC, infectious complication; ICULOS, intensive care unit length of stay; RR, respiratory rate; SBP, systolic blood pressure.
- Table 2
Associations of variables with multiple re-explorations
Variable, n (%) 1 re-exploration
4773 (64.2)>1 re-exploration
2658 (35.8)P value Any infectious complications 1270 (26.6) 1239 (46.6) <0.001 Age, ≥55 years 725 (15.2) 427 (16.1) 0.318 Male 3875 (81.2) 2124 (79.9) 0.170 Blunt mechanism 2017 (42.3) 1157 (43.6) 0.786 Interhospital transfer 709 (14.8) 373 (14.0) 0.336 Comorbidities Hypertension 542 (11.4) 325 (12.2) 0.262 Alcoholism 296 (6.2) 189 (7.1) 0.128 Respiratory disease 181 (3.8) 113 (4.2) 0.330 Bleeding disorder 100 (2.1) 64 (2.4) 0.379 Diabetes mellitus 214 (4.5) 134 (5.0) 0.275 Current smoker 863 (18.1) 430 (16.2) 0.038 Obesity 273 (5.7) 178 (6.7) 0.091 Cirrhosis 63 (1.3) 48 (1.8) 0.098 Drug abuse or dependence 279 (5.9) 154 (5.8) 0.928 Injury Severity Score <0.001 <16 1019 (21.4) 427 (16.1) ≥16 3754 (78.6) 2231 (83.9) Glasgow Coma Scale score 0.241 13–15 3080 (64.5) 1679 (63.2) 3–12 1693 (35.5) 979 (36.8) Abnormal ED vital signs Oxygen saturation <95% 707 (17.2) 451 (20.1) 0.005 Temperature <36.4°C or >37.6°C 3440 (72.1) 2009 (75.6) 0.001 Pulse <60 or >100 beats/min 2765 (59.0) 1686 (64.8) <0.001 SBP <90 mm Hg 1266 (26.5) 816 (30.7) <0.001 RR <12 or >16 breaths/min 3641 (80.7) 2055 (82.7) 0.038 In-hospital mortality 382 (14.3) 434 (16.3) 0.018 HLOS (days) <0.001 1–7 888 (18.6) 163 (6.1) >7 3885 (81.4) 2495 (93.9) ICULOS (days) <0.001 0 294 (6.2) 53 (2.0) 1–7 2358 (49.4) 523 (19.7) >7 2121 (44.4) 2082 (78.3) Ventilator days <0.001 0 770 (16.1) 173 (6.5) 1–5 2297 (48.1) 623 (23.4) >5 1706 (35.7) 1862 (70.1) Bolded p values indicate statistical significance.
ED, emergency department; HLOS, hospital length of stay; ; ICULOS, intensive care unit length of stay; RR, respiratory rate; SBP, systolic blood pressure.
- Table 3
Poisson regression model building—effect of covariates on number of infectious complications
Risk Ratio Model 1 Model 2 Model 3 Model 4 Model 5 Model 6 Model 7 Model 8 Number of re-explorations 1.14 1.14 1.14 1.14 1.14 1.14 1.14 1.14 Age ≥55 1.21 1.18 1.15 1.14 1.12 Blunt injury 1.06 Hypertension 1.18 1.15 1.18 1.23 1.17 Bleeding disorder Obesity 1.24 1.24 1.25 1.22 Current smoker Injury Severity Score ≥16 1.55 1.55 1.49 Glasgow Coma Scale score <13 Oxygen saturation <95% 1.10 Temperature <36.4°C or >37.6°C Pulse <60 or >100 beats/min SBP <90 mm Hg AIC 13 181 13 166 13 165 13 159 13 150 13 072 13 075 11 223 Risk ratio Model 9 Model 10 Model 11 Model 12 Model 13 Model 14 Model 15 Model 16 (final) P value Number of re-explorations 1.14 1.14 1.14 1.14 1.14 1.14 1.14 1.14 <0.001 Age ≥55 1.12 Blunt injury Hypertension 1.24 1.23 1.23 1.24 1.23 1.19 1.15 1.19 <0.001 Bleeding disorder 1.43 1.37 1.43 <0.001 Obesity 1.24 1.25 1.24 1.25 1.24 1.24 1.24 1.24 0.001 Current smoker 1.23 1.23 1.24 1.23 <0.001 Injury Severity Score ≥16 1.53 1.56 1.54 1.53 1.56 1.56 1.55 1.56 <0.001 Glasgow Coma Scale score <13 1.06 Oxygen saturation <95% Temperature <36.4°C or >37.6°C 1.08 Pulse <60 or >100 beats/min 1.08 SBP <90 mm Hg 0.99 AIC 12 829 13 077 13 073 13 075 13 056 13 046 13 042 13 046 AIC, Akaike information criterion; rr, remove from abbreviations list.; SBP, systolic blood pressure.
Six-year national study of damage control laparotomy and the effect of repeat re-exploration on rate of infectious complications
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