Article Figures & Data
- Figure 1
The thickness of the acute subdural hematoma (red arrow) was measured on a CT scan as the largest distance between the cortex and the internal table: midline, orange line; midline shift, orange arrow. HT, hematoma thickness; MLS, midline shift.
- Figure 2
ROC curves for the multivariate model including age, Glasgow Coma Scale and categorical Zumkeller index (model 1), Helsinki CT score (model 2), Rotterdam CT score (model 3). AUC, area under the ROC curve; ROC, receiver operating characteristic.
- Figure 3
Survival function for each category of Zumkeller index for 14-day mortality outcome.
- Table 1
Clinical and radiological characteristics according to ZI category
ZI <0 ZI 0–3 mm ZI >3 P value Age* 49.8 (19.6) 36.7 (12.9) 49.7 (15.6) 0.061 GCS† 6 (3–10) 5 (3–11) 3 (3–4) 0.031 Pupil reactivity 0.257 Both pupils 62.2 (56) 76.9 (10) 36.4 (4) One pupil 17.8 (16) 15.4 (2) 36.4 (4) Neither pupil 11.1 (2) 7.7 (1) 27.3 (3) TBI class 0.874 Mild 15.6 (14) 7.7 (1) 1 (9.1) Moderate 14.4 (13) 15.4 (2) 1 (9.1) Severe 64.4 (58) 53.8 (7) 81.1 (9) MLS, mm* 6.7 (5.45) 14.1 (7.8) 16.7 (5.1) <0.001 HT, mm* 14.1 (7.12) 13.1 (7.9) 10.9 (7.7) 0.368 Rotterdam score† 5 (3–6) 5 (4.5–6) 6 (6–6) 0.002 Helsinki score† 6 (4–9) 9 (5–10) 11 (9–14) 0.001 Other injuries Fractures 42.2 (38) 46.2 (6) 63.6 (7) 0.401 tSAH 5.6 (5) 100 (13) 100 (11) 0.498 IVH 21.1 (19) 7.7 (1) 45.5 (5) 0.077 ICH 50 (45) 46.2 (6) 90.9 (10) 0.032 DC 81.1 (73) 92.3 (12) 90.9 (10) 0.466 Outcome 14-day mortality 36.7 (33) 30.8 (4) 81.1 (9) 0.012 In-hospital mortality 48.9 (44) 46.2 (6) 90.9 (10) 0.027 *Mean (SD).
†Median (IQR); all other variables: % (number).
DC, decompressive craniectomy; GCS, Glasgow Coma Scale; HT, hematoma thickness; ICH, intracerebral hematoma; IVH, intraventricular hemorrhage; MLS, midline shift; TBI, traumatic brain injury; tSAH, traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage; ZI, Zumkeller index.
- Table 2
Univariate logistic and Cox regression values in predicting 14-day mortality outcome according to Zumkeller index categories
Zumkeller index Logistic regression Cox regression OR 95% CI P value HR 95% CI P value <0.00* – – 0.033 – – 0.014 0.01–3 0.768 0.219 to 2.689 0.679 0.854 0.303 to 2.412 0.766 >3 7.773 1.583 to 38.155 0.012 2.924 1.388 to 6.160 0.005 *Zumkeller index values <0.00 were included as a reference category in the model.
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