Risk factors and outcomes by diabetes type
| Clinical characteristics, n (%) | No diabetes (n=24 103) | IDDM (n=779) | NIDDM (n=2052) | p* |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hospital† | <0.001 | |||
| 1 | 11 909 (90.9%) | 426 (3.3%) | 771 (5.9%) | |
| 2 | 8034 (87.8%) | 334 (3.7%) | 781 (8.5%) | |
| 3 | 4160 (88.9%) | 19 (0.4%) | 500 (10.7%) | |
| Elderly, ≥65 years | 8322 (34.5%) | 439 (56.4%) | 1296 (63.2%) | <0.001 |
| Male | 14 092 (58.5%) | 430 (55.2%) | 1081 (52.7%) | <0.001 |
| Smoker | 4088 (17.0%) | 87 (11.2%) | 193 (9.4%) | <0.001 |
| Alcohol abuse | 2925 (12.1%) | 51 (6.6%) | 115 (5.6%) | <0.001 |
| Pre-existing comorbidities‡ | 15 558 (64.6%) | 690 (88.6%) | 1869 (91.1%) | <0.001 |
| Coagulopathy | 1747 (7.3%) | 115 (14.8%) | 310 (15.1%) | <0.001 |
| Obesity | 1147 (4.8%) | 111 (14.3%) | 285 (13.9%) | <0.001 |
| Cancer | 80 (0.3%) | 3 (0.4%) | 9 (0.4%) | 0.71 |
| Cardiac disease | 2347 (9.7%) | 162 (20.8%) | 526 (25.6%) | <0.001 |
| Cerebrovascular accident | 536 (2.2%) | 50 (6.4%) | 114 (5.6%) | <0.001 |
| Pregnancy | 143 (0.6%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (0.1%) | 0.001 |
| ISS≥16§ | 4912 (20.4%) | 112 (14.4%) | 428 (20.9%) | <0.001 |
| Hip fracture | 2722 (11.3%) | 127 (16.3%) | 319 (15.6%) | <0.001 |
| Region of injury | ||||
| Neck/spine¶ | 4105 (17.0%) | 117 (15.0%) | 278 (13.6%) | <0.001 |
| Abdominal/pelvic¶ | 1808 (7.5%) | 23 (3.0%) | 87 (4.2%) | <0.001 |
| Chest¶ | 4741 (19.7%) | 135 (17.3%) | 360 (17.5%) | 0.02 |
| External¶ | 415 (1.7%) | 8 (1.0%) | 19 (0.9%) | 0.01 |
| Limb¶ | 11 453 (47.5%) | 414 (53.2%) | 970 (47.3%) | 0.01 |
| Face¶ | 1774 (7.4%) | 28 (3.6%) | 90 (4.4%) | <0.001 |
| Head¶ | 6888 (28.6%) | 170 (21.8%) | 578 (28.2%) | <0.001 |
| Multiple injuries | 6278 (26.1%) | 134 (17.2%) | 384 (18.7%) | <0.001 |
| Surgical procedure | 10 638 (44.1%) | 360 (46.2%) | 810 (39.5%) | <0.001 |
| Placement of a central line | 1773 (7.4%) | 65 (8.3%) | 173 (8.4%) | 0.13 |
| Mechanical ventilation | 2597 (10.8%) | 77 (9.9%) | 184 (9.0%) | 0.03 |
| Hospital LOS, median (IQR) | 3 (2–6) | 4 (3–7) | 4 (2–6) | <0.001 |
| Admitted to ICU | 7854 (32.6%) | 252 (32.4%) | 683 (33.3%) | 0.80 |
| Infection | 450 (1.9%) | 18 (2.3%) | 53 (2.6%) | 0.06 |
| No complications | 21 496 (89.2%) | 667 (85.6%) | 1788 (87.1%) | <0.001 |
| VTE | 523 (2.2%) | 28 (3.6%) | 50 (2.4%) | 0.02 |
| DVT | 422 (1.8%) | 24 (3.1%) | 41 (2.0%) | 0.02 |
| PE | 135 (0.6%) | 5 (0.6%) | 12 (0.6%) | 0.95 |
| In-hospital death§ | 791 (3.3%) | 26 (3.3%) | 86 (4.2%) | 0.09 |
*Significant p values (p<0.05) are displayed in bold.
†Row percent presented for hospital.
‡Pre-existing comorbidities does not include diabetes.
§Missing ISS on 77 patients and death outcome on 1 patient.
¶AIS≥2.
AIS, Abbreviated Injury Score; DVT, deep vein thrombosis; ICU, intensive care unit; IDDM, insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus; ISS, Injury Severity Score; LOS, length of stay; NIDDM, non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus; PE, pulmonary embolism; VTE, venous thromboembolism.