Demographic and clinical features of subjects with isolated severe traumatic brain injury by ARDS outcome and vital status at discharge
| Patient characteristics | Without ARDS(n=132) | With ARDS(n=50) | P values* | Alive(n=111) | Dead(n=71) | P values* |
| Age (years) | 46±22 | 44±20 | 0.78 | 40±18 | 53±24 | < 0.001 |
| Male sex | 92 (70) | 42 (84) | 0.051 | 85 (77) | 49 (69) | 0.26 |
| BMI | 25 (22–29) | 26 (23–28) | 0.54 | 25 (23–29) | 25 (22–28) | 0.56 |
| Blunt injury | 111 (84) | 44 (88) | 0.51 | 99 (89) | 56 (79) | 0.056 |
| SBP <90 mm Hg in the first 12 hours | 12 (9) | 4 (8) | 0.82 | 5 (5) | 11 (15) | 0.011 |
| Any vasopressor on admit day | 66 (54) | 32 (73) | 0.031 | 49 (48) | 49 (77) | < 0.001 |
| Admit base deficit <−4 | 38 (29) | 26 (52) | 0.003 | 32 (29) | 32 (45) | 0.025 |
| ED arrival GCS score | 7 (3–10.5) | 6 (3–10) | 0.84 | 8 (4–13) | 3 (3–7) | < 0.001 |
| Head AIS | 5 (4–5) | 5 (5–5) | 0.033 | 5 (4–5) | 5 (5–5) | < 0.001 |
| Head AIS score >3 | 110 (83) | 47 (94) | 0.062 | 87 (78) | 70 (99) | < 0.001 |
| Craniotomy or craniectomy | 44 (33) | 24 (48) | 0.068 | 37 (33) | 31 (44) | 0.16 |
| Any chest injury (AIS score >0) | 17 (13) | 7 (14) | 0.84 | 11 (10) | 13 (18) | 0.10 |
| VAP† | 5 (3) | 7 (14) | 0.038 | 16 (14) | 5 (7) | 0.13 |
| TIMP-3 (pg/mL)‡ | 2260 (970–3460) | 2810 (1820–4380) | 0.008 | 2080 (950–3090) | 2960 (1850–4650) | < 0.001 |
Findings presented as n (%), mean±SD, and median (IQR) as appropriate.
Statistically significant results are shown in bold.
*P values refer to unpaired t-test for age, Wilcoxon rank-sum test for all other continuous variables, and unordered χ2 tests for dichotomous predictors.
†Patients with VAP identified before ARDS or in the first 8 days for subjects who did not develop ARDS.
‡Plasma sample obtained on arrival to the ED.
AIS, Abbreviated Injury Scale or; ARDS, acute respiratory distress syndrome; BMI, body mass index; ED, emergency department; GCS, Glasgow Coma Scale; SBP, systolic blood pressure; TIMP-3, tissue inhibitor ofmatrix metalloproteinase 3; VAP, ventilator-associated pneumonia.