Table 4

Multivariable analysis of predictors for acute respiratory distress syndrome in patients with major (ISS >16) vs. minor (ISS ≤15) trauma

	OR	95% CI	P value
Demographics
Age
16–25	Baseline
26–45	1.0	0.87 to 1.07	0.5
46–65	0.83	0.74 to 0.92	<0.001
66–75	0.80	0.68 to 0.93	0.01
>75	0.75	0.63 to 0.9	<0.001
Male	1.14	1.05 to 1.2	<0.001
Race
White	Baseline
Black	1.11	1.001 to 1.21	0.05
Hispanic or Latino	0.98	0.82 to 1.18	0.9
Other	1.09	0.95 to 1.25	0.2
Insurance
Medicaid	Baseline
Medicare	0.76	0.66 to 0.87	<0.001
Private	1.12	0.97 to 1.29	0.1
Self-pay	0.93	0.82 to 1.05	0.2
Extrathoracic risk factors
EtOH
No-confirmed	Baseline
Not tested	0.56	0.51 to 0.61	<0.001
Below 0.08	0.86	0.74 to 0.99	0.04
Above 0.08	0.79	0.71 to 0.89	<0.001
Drugs
No-confirmed	Baseline
Not tested	0.84	0.75 to 0.95	0.01
Yes-prescription	0.73	0.62 to 0.87	<0.001
Yes-illegal	0.87	0.78 to 0.97	0.02
Lowest ED systolic blood pressure	0.99	0.99 to 0.99	<0.001
Temperature	0.93	0.91 to 0.95	<0.001
GCS motor score	0.78	0.76 to 0.79	<0.001
Thoracic risk factors
Trauma-induced lung contusion	2.16	1.96 to 2.38	<0.001
Traumatic rib fracture
No rib fractures	Baseline
1 rib fracture	2.20	1.89 to 2.56	<0.001
2 rib fractures	1.80	1.55 to 2.07	<0.001
3 rib fractures	1.69	1.43 to 1.98	<0.001
4 rib fractures	2.30	1.88 to 2.8	<0.001
5 rib fractures	3.40	2.8 to 4.1	<0.001
6 rib fractures	3.49	2.7 to 4.44	<0.001
7 rib fractures	3.42	2.63 to 4.44	<0.001
≥8 rib fractures	4.41	3.23 to 6.01	<0.001
Rib fracture (NOS)	5.36	4.40 to 6.51	<0.001
Flail chest	8.48	6.33 to 11.34	<0.001
Comorbidities
Alcoholism	0.71	0.64 to 0.78	<0.001
Bleeding disorder	1.28	1.13 to 1.44	<0.001
Congestive heart failure	0.69	0.59 to 0.79	<0.001
Current smoker	0.87	0.78 to 0.96	0.01
Diabetes mellitus	0.99	0.89 to 1.08	0.77
History of angina within 30 days	0.88	0.66 to 1.15	0.36
History of myocardial infarction	0.76	0.62 to 0.91	<0.001
Hypertension requiring medications	0.87	0.8 to 0.94	<0.001
Obesity	0.82	0.73 to 0.91	<0.001
History of respiratory disease	0.60	0.55 to 0.66	<0.001

ED, emergency department; EtOH, pre-injury alcohol consumption; GCS, Glasgow Coma Scale; ISS, Injury Severity Score; NOS, not otherwise specified.