Table 2

Multivariable analysis of predictors for acute respiratory distress syndrome in trauma patients*

	OR	95% CI	P value
Demographics
Age
16–25	Baseline
26–45	1.06	1.02 to 1.10	0.002
46–65	1.19	1.15 to 1.24	<0.001
66–75	1.43	1.34 to 1.52	<0.001
>75	1.48	1.39 to 1.58	<0.001
Male	1.35	1.31 to 1.39	<0.001
Race
White	Baseline
Black	0.96	0.93 to 1.00	0.046
Hispanic or Latino	0.91	0.86 to 0.97	0.003
Other	1.05	0.97 to 1.13	0.2
Insurance
Medicaid	Baseline
Medicare	0.89	0.84 to 0.94	<0.001
Private	0.93	0.89 to 0.96	<0.001
Self-pay	0.71	0.67 to 0.75	<0.001
Extrathoracic risk factors
EtOH
No-confirmed	Baseline
Not tested	0.75	0.71 to 0.78	<0.001
Below 0.08	0.90	0.85 to 0.96	0.001
Above 0.08	0.86	0.82 to 0.89	<0.001
Drugs
No-confirmed	Baseline
Not tested	0.77	0.72 to 0.83	<0.001
Yes-prescription	1.05	0.98 to 1.11	0.1
Yes-illegal	1.27	1.20 to 1.35	<0.001
Injury Severity Score	1.05	1.05 to 1.05	<0.001
Lowest ED systolic blood pressure	1.00	1.00 to 1.00	0.7
Temperature	1.00	1.00 to 1.01	0.3
GCS motor component score	0.73	0.72 to 0.73	<0.001
Thoracic risk factors
Trauma-induced lung contusion	1.46	1.40 to 1.51	<0.001
Traumatic rib fracture
No rib fractures	Baseline
1 rib fracture	1.45	1.37 to 1.54	<0.001
2 rib fractures	1.46	1.37 to 1.56	<0.001
3 rib fractures	1.31	1.21 to 1.41	<0.001
4 rib fractures	1.50	1.40 to 1.60	<0.001
5 rib fractures	1.55	1.42 to 1.69	<0.001
6 rib fractures	1.71	1.55 to 1.87	<0.001
7 rib fractures	1.83	1.65 to 2.02	<0.001
≥8 rib fractures	1.84	1.73 to 1.95	<0.001
Rib fracture (NOS)	1.80	1.70 to 1.90	<0.001
Flail chest	2.60	2.42 to 2.80	<0.001
Comorbidities
Alcoholism	1.72	1.65 to 1.80	<0.001
Bleeding disorder	1.62	1.53 to 1.70	<0.001
Congestive heart failure	1.87	1.76 to 1.99	<0.001
Current smoker	0.92	0.88 to 0.96	<0.001
Diabetes mellitus	1.19	1.14 to 1.24	<0.001
History of angina within 30 days	2.21	1.93 to 2.53	<0.001
History of myocardial infarction	1.14	1.04 to 1.25	0.005
Hypertension requiring medications	1.25	1.21 to 1.30	<0.001
Obesity	1.64	1.56 to 1.72	<0.001
History of respiratory disease	1.69	1.62 to 1.76	<0.001

*C-statistic=0.85.
ED, emergency department; EtOH, preinjury alcohol consumption; GCS, Glasgow Coma Scale; NOS, not otherwise specified.