Table 3

Multivariable analysis of predictors for acute respiratory distress syndrome in patients with trauma-induced lung contusion*

	OR	95% CI	P value
Demographics
Age
16–25	Baseline
26–45	1.05	0.97 to 1.13	0.2
46–65	1.15	1.05 to 1.25	0.002
66–75	1.36	1.18 to 1.57	<0.001
>75	1.58	1.35 to 1.84	<0.001
Male	1.31	1.23 to 1.40	<0.001
Race
White	Baseline
Black	0.96	0.88 to 1.05	0.4
Hispanic or Latino	0.97	0.86 to 1.09	0.6
Other	1.00	0.85 to 1.19	0.96
Insurance
Medicaid	Baseline
Medicare	0.85	0.76 to 0.96	0.008
Private	0.94	0.86 to 1.02	0.2
Self-pay	0.72	0.64 to 0.81	<0.001
Extrathoracic risk factors
EtOH
No-confirmed	Baseline
Not tested	0.90	0.82 to 0.99	0.03
Below 0.08	0.84	0.74 to 0.96	0.01
Above 0.08	0.93	0.85 to 1.01	0.09
Drugs
No-confirmed	Baseline
Not tested	0.83	0.75 to 0.92	0.001
Yes-prescription	1.06	0.94 to 1.21	0.3
Yes-illegal	1.15	1.05 to 1.26	0.003
Injury Severity Score	1.04	1.04 to 1.04	<0.001
Lowest ED systolic blood pressure	1.00	1.00 to 1.00	0.5
Temperature	1.01	1.00 to 1.02	0.2
GCS motor score	0.79	0.78 to 0.81	<0.001
Thoracic risk factors
Traumatic rib fracture
No rib fractures	Baseline
1 rib fracture	1.09	0.98 to 1.21	0.1
2 rib fractures	1.08	0.96 to 1.21	0.2
3 rib fractures	0.85	0.74 to 0.99	0.04
4 rib fractures	1.16	1.03 to 1.30	0.1
5 rib fractures	1.15	0.99 to 1.34	0.06
6 rib fractures	1.35	1.16 to 1.56	<0.001
7 rib fractures	1.50	1.28 to 1.76	<0.001
≥8 rib fractures	1.51	1.37 to 1.67	<0.001
Rib fracture (NOS)	1.39	1.26 to 1.55	<0.001
Flail chest	2.09	1.87 to 2.33	<0.001
Comorbidities
Alcoholism	1.53	1.38 to 1.68	<0.001
Bleeding disorder	1.79	1.56 to 2.05	<0.001
Congestive heart failure	1.42	1.17 to 1.73	<0.001
Current smoker	0.97	0.89 to 1.05	0.4
Diabetes mellitus	1.30	1.17 to 1.44	<0.001
History of angina within 30 days	1.82	1.16 to 2.83	0.009
History of myocardial infarction	1.01	0.77 to 1.31	0.96
Hypertension requiring medications	1.24	1.15 to 1.35	<0.001
Obesity	1.77	1.60 to 1.95	<0.001
History of respiratory disease	1.53	1.37 to 1.70	<0.001

*C-statistic=0.85.
ED, emergency department; EtOH, preinjury alcohol consumption; GCS, Glasgow Coma Scale; NOS, not otherwise specified.