Outcome variable | HEMS (n=44 637) | Ground ambulance (n=424 770) | P value |
Age | 40.2 (40.8) | 39.1 (23.24) | <0.0001 |
GCS score | 10.5 (6.4) | 11.7 (6.1) | <0.0001 |
Blunt | 98.3% (43 900) | 98.8% (419 637) | <0.0001 |
Penetrating | 1.7% (737) | 1.2% (5132) | <0.0001 |
Gender (male) | 31 587 (70.8%) | 250 981 (59.1%) | <0.0001 |
Ethnicity | <0.0001 | ||
White | 35 044 (78.5%) | 293 344 (69.1%) | <0.0001 |
Black | 3930 (8.8%) | 64 737 (15.2%) | |
Hispanic | 4260 (9.5%) | 44 898 (10.6%) | |
Asian | 540 (1.2%) | 9189 (2.2%) | |
ISS | 16.0 (48.3) | 10.9 (46.9) | <0.0001 |
Mortality | 6.0% (2688) | 2.9% (12 352) | <0.0001 |
LOS (days) | 8.0 (10.6) | 5.2 (7.4) | <0.0001 |
ICU (days) | 3.0 (7.2) | 0.5 (4.3) | <0.0001 |
Ventilator (days) | 1.16 (5.6) | −0.4 (3.1) | <0.0001 |
ISS AIS score | 14.8 (33.5) | 10.2 (39.4) | <0.0001 |
Total prehospital time (min) | 168.9 (428.1) | 109.1 (390.0) | <0.0001 |
AIS, Abbreviated Injury Scale; GCS, Glasgow Coma Scale; HEMS, helicopter emergency medical services; ICU, intensive care unit; ISS, Injury Severity Score; LOS, length of stay; NTDB, National Trauma Data Bank.