Table 3

Pragmatic clinical trials

Key features

  • Real-world environment

  • Focuses on external validity

Advantages

  • Results generalizable

  • Compares effectiveness

Disadvantages

  • Large sample size (n) due to confounding

  • Causation may/may not be established

Example

  • Pragmatic Randomized Optimal Platelet and Plasma Ratios (PROPPR) trial1