Study population characteristics
| First author | Year | Study design | Sample size | Gender (%male) | Age (mean) | Population | Criteria for inclusion |
| Akahoshi22 | 2016 | Retrospective | 84 | 56 | 47.2 | Japanese | Age >20; not DOA; blunt force trauma |
| Chang21 | 2018 | Retrospective | 91 | 26 | 81.1 | American | Age >50; proximal femur fracture undergoing surgical repair |
| Couch32 | 2018 | Retrospective | 225 | 55 | 76.9 | Australian | Age >65; Injury Severity Score (ISS) >12 |
| DeAndrade33 | 2018 | Retrospective | 778 | 71 | 63 and 42 | American | Presented as a trauma alert at a single institution from 2012 to 2014 |
| Deren25 | 2017 | Retrospective | 99 | 62 | 74.3 | American | Age ≥60; Rhode Island Hospital Trauma Database; closed acetabular fracture |
| Ebbeling23 | 2014 | Retrospective | 180 | 57 | 74 | American | Age >55 years; ISS>15; and ICU LOS>48 hours; captured in Pennsylvania Trauma Outcomes Study (PTOS) |
| Fairchild19 | 2015 | Retrospective | 252 | 49 | 76 | American | Age >65; no TBI/SCI; admitted to level 1 trauma center in Milwaukee, WI, between January 2008 and April 2011 |
| Hida17 | 2016 | Retrospective; cross-sectional | 216 (OVF); 1608 (NF) | 0 | 79.9 (OVF); 69.1 (NF) | Japanese | Women ≥55 admitted to single hospital with osteoporotic vertebral fracture (OVF); (NF) consecutive female outpatients who underwent DXA during study period (June 2002 to January 2009) |
| Hu34 | 2018 | Retrospective | 108 | 73 | 67.4 | American | Age ≥55; all patients admitted to the trauma service of a single university hospital (level 1 trauma center); TBI |
| Kaplan18 | 2017 | Retrospective Cohort | 450 | 60 | Stratified by age, not specified | American | Age ≥65 years; admitted to the ICU of a single institution from January 2011 to May 2014 after traumatic injury |
| Leeper6 | 2016 | Retrospective | 23 622 | 61.70 | Stratified by age, not specified | American | Age ≥18 or older; level 1 or level 2 trauma alert; availability of at least 6 months of follow-up data |
| Lisiecki35 | 2013 | Retrospective | 16 | 75 | 47.1 | American | Age between 18 and 99 years old; mandible fracture; treated in initial hospital stay; GCS score of 14–15 |
| Malekpour26 | 2017 | Retrospective | 1175 | 51 | 78.17 | American | Age >65; blunt trauma; abdominal CT |
| Mccusker36 | 2018 | Retrospective | 325 | 64 | 76 | American | Age ≥65 years; trauma patients admitted to level 1 trauma center |
| Mitchell37 | 2018 | Retrospective | 146 | 73 | 70.1 | American | Age >60 with acetabular fractures treated at institution during a 12-year period |
| Oskutis38 | 2016 | Retrospective | 202 | 41 | 58.5 | American | Age >40; postcrash admission to a trauma center; single injury or Maximum Abbreviated Injury Scale (MAIS) score ≥3 |
| Shibahashi24 | 2017 | Retrospective | 74 | 72 | 74 | Japanese | Age ≥60 years; TBI; admitted to the intensive care unit between September 2013 and September 2015 |
| Touban20 | 2019 | Retrospective | 558 | 46 | 76.65 | American | Age >65 years; evaluation with abdominal and/or pelvic CT; orthopedic injury |
DOA, Dead On Arrival; DXA, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry; GCS, Glasgow Coma Scale; ICU, intensive care unit; LOS, length of stay; NF, Non-fracture; SCI, Spinal Cord Injury; TBI, traumatic brain injury.