Patient demographics and clinical characteristics in β-blocker unexposed (BB−) and β-blocker exposed (BB+) patients undergoing surgery for hip fracture
| BB− | BB+ | P value | |
| n=1543 | n=900 | ||
| Age in years, mean (SD) | 81.1 (10.6) | 83.4 (8.3) | <0.001 |
| Sex, n (%) | 0.34 | ||
| Female | 1049 (68.0) | 595 (66.1) | |
| Male | 494 (32.0) | 305 (33.9) | |
| Type of β-blocker, n (%) | – | ||
| Atenolol | – | 209 (23.2) | |
| Bisoprolol | – | 293 (32.6) | |
| Metoprolol | – | 350 (38.9) | |
| Other | – | 48 (5.3) | |
| ASA classification, n (%) | <0.001 | ||
| 1 | 160 (10.4) | 24 (2.8) | |
| 2 | 709 (45.9) | 292 (32.4) | |
| 3 | 591 (38.3) | 472 (52.4) | |
| 4 | 75 (4.9) | 110 (12.2) | |
| Missing | 8 (0.5) | 2 (0.2) | |
| Charlson Comorbidity Index, n (%) | <0.001 | ||
| ≤4 | 603 (39.1) | 180 (20.0) | |
| 5–6 | 584 (37.8) | 338 (37.6) | |
| ≥7 | 356 (23.1) | 382 (42.4) | |
| Fracture type, n (%) | 0.13 | ||
| Non-displaced cervical (Garden 1–2) | 213 (13.8) | 108 (12.0) | |
| Displaced cervical (Garden 3–4) | 565 (36.6) | 307 (34.1) | |
| Basicervical | 72 (4.7) | 39 (4.3) | |
| Pertrochanteric (two fragments) | 361 (23.4) | 226 (25.1) | |
| Pertrochanteric (multiple fragments) | 237 (15.4) | 142 (15.8) | |
| Subtrochanteric | 95 (6.2) | 78 (8.7) | |
| Type of surgery, n (%) | 0.22 | ||
| One screw or pin | 2 (0.1) | 2 (0.2) | |
| Two screws or pins | 322 (20.9) | 162 (18.0) | |
| Three screws or pins | 2 (0.1) | 1 (0.1) | |
| Screws or pins with side plate | 546 (35.4) | 336 (37.3) | |
| Intramedullary rod | 239 (15.5) | 162 (18.0) | |
| Hemiarthroplasty | 309 (20.0) | 182 (20.2) | |
| Total hip replacement | 123 (8.0) | 55 (6.1) |
ASA, American Society of Anesthesiologists; SD, Standard deviation.