Patient characteristic | Trauma center verification level | P value | ||
All | Level 1 | Level 2 | ||
n | 10 182 | 3731 | 6451 | |
Age, mean (SD) | 82.7 (8.6) | 82.6 (8.7) | 82.7 (8.5) | 0.8 |
Age (%) | 0.2 | |||
65–74 years | 21.2 | 21.8 | 20.8 | |
75–84 years | 33.8 | 32.9 | 34.4 | |
≥85 years | 45.0 | 45.3 | 44.8 | |
Male (%) | 31.3 | 32.1 | 30.9 | 0.2 |
Race (%) | <0.001 | |||
White | 91.0 | 87.1 | 93.1 | |
Black | 6.8 | 9.8 | 5.2 | |
Other | 2.3 | 3.1 | 1.7 | |
Injury Severity Score (%) | 0.1 | |||
9 | 78.0 | 79.0 | 77.4 | |
10 | 21.5 | 20.6 | 22.0 | |
11 | 0.6 | 0.4 | 0.6 | |
AIS head/neck=1 (%) | 0.6 | 0.5 | 0.7 | 0.1 |
AIS chest=1 (%) | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.5 |
AIS abdomen=1 (%) | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.7 |
ED heart rate (%) | <0.001 | |||
51–120 bpm | 92.0 | 89.5 | 93.4 | |
>120 bpm | 1.3 | 1.3 | 1.2 | |
0–50 bpm | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.9 | |
Missing | 5.9 | 8.4 | 4.5 | |
ED systolic blood pressure (%) | <0.001 | |||
>90 mm Hg | 93.2 | 90.8 | 94.5 | |
61–90 mm Hg | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.6 | |
≤60 mm Hg | 0.1 | 0.03 | 0.1 | |
Missing | 6.2 | 8.6 | 4.7 | |
Glasgow Coma Scale motor (%) | <0.001 | |||
1 | 0.1 | 0.03 | 0.1 | |
2–5 | 1.4 | 1.2 | 1.6 | |
6 | 83.0 | 78.5 | 85.6 | |
Missing | 15.5 | 20.3 | 12.7 | |
Transfer in (%) | 10.9 | 14.3 | 8.7 | <0.001 |
Intubated (%) | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.7 |
Comorbid diseases % | ||||
Active chemotherapy | 1.0 | 1.2 | 1.0 | 0.3 |
Advanced directive limiting care | 12.6 | 8.7 | 14.9 | <0.001 |
Alcohol use disorder | 2.3 | 1.9 | 2.5 | 0.1 |
Angina | 0.9 | 0.8 | 0.9 | 0.7 |
Bleeding risk | 24.7 | 23.7 | 25.2 | 0.1 |
Cerebrovascular accident | 6.3 | 6.5 | 6.2 | 0.6 |
COPD | 13.4 | 13.8 | 13.2 | 0.4 |
Chronic renal failure | 2.2 | 2.8 | 1.8 | <0.01 |
Congestive heart failure | 10.0 | 11.3 | 9.3 | <0.01 |
Current smoker | 9.8 | 9.4 | 10.0 | 0.3 |
Dementia | 26.7 | 24.9 | 27.8 | <0.01 |
Diabetes mellitus | 20.2 | 20.0 | 20.4 | 0.6 |
Disseminated cancer | 1.1 | 1.5 | 0.9 | <0.01 |
Drug use disorder | 1.2 | 1.6 | 1.0 | <0.01 |
Functionally dependent health status | 49.4 | 47.3 | 50.6 | <0.01 |
History of myocardial infarction | 0.9 | 1.1 | 0.8 | 0.1 |
Hypertension requiring medication | 67.7 | 66.5 | 68.4 | 0.1 |
Liver disease | 1.0 | 1.1 | 0.9 | 0.3 |
Major psychiatric illness | 22.9 | 23.7 | 22.5 | 0.1 |
Obesity | 1.3 | 1.9 | 1.0 | <0.001 |
Peripheral vascular disease | 3.9 | 4.1 | 3.7 | 0.3 |
Steroid use | 4.0 | 3.7 | 4.1 | 0.3 |
Therapeutic anticoagulation | 18.9 | 18.2 | 19.3 | 0.2 |
AIS, Abbreviated Injury Scale; bpm, beats per minute; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; ED, emergency department; mm Hg, millimeters of mercury.