Table 2

Predictors of progressive hemorrhagic injury after traumatic brain injury

CategoryPredictors
I. Clinical

  • Older age

  • Lower admission GCS

  • Higher AIShead

  • Higher blood product requirement

  • Intraparenchymal brain contusions

II. Initial conventional coagulation parameters

  • Lower platelet count (especially <100×109/L)

  • Lower functional fibrinogen (especially <356 mg/dL)

  • High INR (especially >1.2)

  • Lower factor VII activity (especially <77.5%)

  • Higher admission D-dimer levels

  • Higher fibrin monomers (especially ≥131.7 µg/mL)

III. Initial viscoelastic measurements

  • Narrower median alpha angle (especially ≤65°)

  • Prolonged κ-time (especially ≥1.65 min)

  • Prolonged R-time (especially ≥5.65 min)

  • AIS, Abbreviated Injury Scale; GCS, Glasgow Coma Scale; INR, international normalized ratio; ISS, Injury Severity Score; R-time, reaction time; κ-time, kinetic time.