Table 1

Risk factors for coagulopathy after traumatic brain injury

CategoryRisk factors
I. Patient characteristics

  • Age ≥75 years

  • Preinjury anticoagulant and/or antiplatelet therapy

  • ICU admission

  • Intravenous fluids resuscitation ≥2–3 L

  • Hemoglobin <12.4 mg/dL

  • Hypothermia (temperature <35°C)

  • Hypotension (SBP ≤90 mm Hg)

  • SI ≥1

  • Base excess ≤−6

II. Injury characteristics

  • GCS ≤8 before intubation

  • Abnormal pupils (unilateral or bilateral unreactive)

  • Penetrating head trauma

  • AIShead ≥5

  • ISS ≥16

  • Midline shift on head CT

  • Cerebral edema on head CT

  • SAH on head CT

  • AIS, Abbreviated Injury Scale; GCS, Glasgow Coma Scale; ICU, intensive care unit; ISS, Injury Severity Score; SAH, subarachnoid hemorrhage; SBP, systolic blood pressure; SI, shock index (heart rate/systolic blood pressure).