No-DCL (36) | DCL | P value* | ||
Early (41) | Delay (32) | |||
Age (years) | 67.1±17.7 | 64.4±18.7 | 63.8±18.0 | 0.6844 |
Sex | ||||
Male | 21 (58%) | 19 (46%) | 20 (63%) | 0.3441 |
Cause of surgery | 0.2459 | |||
Trauma | 13 (36%) | 18 (43%) | 18 (56%) | |
Solid organ injury | 1 (7%) | 3 (16%) | 3 (16%) | 0.7304 |
Colon injury | 3 (23%) | 4 (22%) | 14 (77%) | 0.0008 |
Lower gastrointestinal perforation | 23 (64%) | 23 (56%) | 14 (43%) | |
Malignant | 9 (39%) | 3 (13%) | 3 (21%) | 0.1166 |
Benign | 14 (61%) | 20 (87%) | 11 (79%) | |
Injury Severity Score | 18.9±9.0 | 25.9±10.3 | 26.6±9.7 | 0.083 |
APACHE Ⅱ score | 25.0±7.6 | 27.8±7.9 | 26.8±7.2 | 0.5117 |
Surgery start time | ||||
08:00–19:00 | 22 (61%) | 26 (63%) | 26 (81%) | 0.1529 |
20:00–07:00 | 14 (39%) | 15 (37%) | 6 (19%) | |
Surgery day | ||||
Weekday | 23 (64%) | 32 (78%) | 24 (75%) | 0.355 |
Weekend | 13 (36%) | 9 (22%) | 8 (25%) | |
Pre-initial surgery | ||||
Temperature (℃) | 37.0±0.7 | 36.9±1.0 | 36.7±1.1 | 0.1238 |
Mean pressure | 89.7±18.4 | 86.0±20.2 | 84.6±22.2 | 0.656 |
pH | 7.46±0.06 | 7.41±0.07 | 7.41±0.06 | 0.0061 |
Base excess (mmol/L) | 0.54±3.9 | –2.42±5.0 | –1.95±4.4 | 0.0087 |
INR | 1.17±0.1 | 1.15±0.2 | 1.21±0.4 | 0.7541 |
Alb (g/dL) | 3.03±0.8 | 3.20±0.9 | 3.19±0.8 | 0.5318 |
Cre (mg/dL) | 0.96±0.8 | 1.34±1.6 | 1.21±1.0 | 0.2705 |
Post-initial surgery | ||||
Alb (g/dL) | 2.15±0.7 | 2.16±0.6 | 2.18±0.6 | 0.9814 |
Cre (mg/dL) | 0.97±0.6 | 1.22±1.4 | 1.07±0.9 | 0.8556 |
48 hours after initial surgery | ||||
Alb (g/dL) | 2.05±0.6 | 2.20±0.5 | 2.24±0.4 | 0.4958 |
Cre (mg/dL) | 0.96±0.5 | 1.27±1.3 | 1.22±0.9 | 0.5069 |
Duration of initial surgery (min) | 180.0±67.1 | 162.3±86.6 | 130.7±46.6 | 0.0101 |
Trauma | 167.5±71.8 | 110.0±55.2 | 114.3±39.1 | 0.0565 |
Lower gastrointestinal perforation | 187.1±64.8 | 203.3±85.4 | 151.7±48.4 | 0.1696 |
Bleeding during initial surgery (mL) | 350.9±534.5 | 520.3±509.4 | 1863.6±2090.1 | 0.0002 |
Trauma | 486.0±812.4 | 736.2±646.5 | 2951.3±2200.2 | <0.0001 |
Lower gastrointestinal perforation | 274.6±278.6 | 351.4±284.3 | 465.0±584.8 | 0.4865 |
Red blood cell transfusions (mL) | 101.1±233.3 | 122.9±228.3 | 405.0±537.6 | 0.003 |
Up to 48 hours after the initial surgery | ||||
Total crystalloid administration (mL) | 7601.2±2918.6 | 10084.0±2979.4 | 12736.1±5245.2 | <0.0001 |
Total NPWT output (mL) | 1164.7±704.6 | 1336.2±721.1 | 0.2734 | |
Total urine output (mL) | 3005.6±1644.5 | 2545.6±1736.5 | 3300.8±2751.1 | 0.2579 |
OA duration (day) | 5.5±3.1 | 4.2±3.1 | 0.0621 | |
Primary fascial closure | 41 (100%) | 32 (100%) | N/A | |
Vasopressor infusion | 13 (36%) | 14 (34%) | 13 (40%) | 0.8468 |
Alb administration | 16 (44%) | 27 (66%) | 22 (69%) | 0.0738 |
Renal replacement therapy | 3 (8%) | 13 (31%) | 14 (43%) | 0.0036 |
PMX-DHP | 5 (13%) | 17 (41%) | 13 (40%) | 0.0166 |
Postoperative complications | ||||
Surgical site infection | 15 (41%) | 20 (48%) | 17 (53%) | 0.6307 |
Adhesive intestinal obstruction | 1 (3%) | 4 (10%) | 2 (6%) | 0.4594 |
Anastomotic leak | 2 (6%) | 3 (7%) | 1 (3%) | 0.7381 |
Death within 28 days | 2 (6%) | 2 (5%) | 1 (3%) | 0.8863 |
Data presented as mean±SD or number of patients with percentage.
*Kruskal-Wallis test or Χ2 test.
Alb, albumin; APACHE Ⅱ, Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation Ⅱ; Cre, creatinine; DCL, damage control laparotomy; INR, international normalized ratio; N/A, not applicable; NPWT, negative-pressure wound therapy; OA, open abdomen; PMX-DHP, direct hemoperfusion with polymyxin B-immobilized fiber.