Total N=680 | Helmet N=230 (33.8%) | No helmet N=450 (66.2%) | |
ISS | |||
1–8 | 283 (41.6%) | 101 (43.9%) | 182 (40.4%) |
9–15 | 260 (38.2%) | 98 (42.6%) | 162 (36.0%) |
16–24 | 89 (13.1%) | 20 (8.7%) | 69 (15.3%) |
25–49 | 45 (6.2%) | 11 (4.8%) | 34 (7.6%) |
50–75 | 3 (0.4%) | 0 (0.0%) | 3 (0.7) |
ISS (mean (SD)) | 10.52 (8.42) | 9.45 (7.03) | 11.06 (9.01) |
Intubated PTA | 26 (3.8%) | 3 (1.3%) | 23 (5.1%) |
Solid organ injury | |||
Yes | 99 (14.8%) | 38 (16.5%) | 61 (13.6%) |
No | 571 (85.2%) | 188 (81.7%) | 383 (85.1%) |
Organ injured | |||
Liver | 32 (24.8%) | 11 (4.8%) | 21 (4.7%) |
Spleen | 38 (29.5%) | 14 (6.1%) | 24 (5.3%) |
Kidney | 17 (13.2%) | 7 (3.0%) | 10 (2.2%) |
Lung | 42 (32.6%) | 17 (7.4%) | 25 (5.6%) |
GCS | |||
3–8 | 30 (4.4%) | 4 (1.7%) | 26 (5.8%) |
9–12 | 10 (1.5%) | 0 (0.0%) | 10 (2.2%) |
13–15 | 640 (94.1%) | 226 (98.3%) | 414 (92.0%) |
Skull fracture | 90 (13.2%) | 10 (4.3%) | 80 (17.8%) |
Intracranial hemorrhage | 82 (12.1%) | 9 (3.9%) | 73 (16.2%) |
ED disposition | |||
Home | 60 (8.8%) | 21 (9.1%) | 39 (8.7%) |
Observation | 40 (5.9%) | 15 (6.5%) | 25 (5.6%) |
Non-ICU admission | 383 (56.3%) | 140 (60.9%) | 243 (54.0%) |
ICU admission | 111 (16.3%) | 22 (9.6%) | 89 (19.8%) |
Operating room | 86 (12.6%) | 32 (13.9%) | 54 (12.0%) |
Length of hospitalization | |||
Hospital days (mean (SD)) | 2.8(4.1) | 2.6(2.9) | 3.2(4.8) |
Median hospital days (IQR) | 2 (1–3) | 2 (1–3) | 2 (1–3) |
ICU days (mean (SD))* | 3.5 (6.4) | 2.5 (1.7) | 3.6 (6.9) |
Median ICU days (IQR)* | 2 (1–3.5) | 2 (1–4) | 1 (1–3) |
Death (all-cause) | 5 (0.7%) | 2 (0.9%) | 3 (0.7%) |
*Included only for patients who required ICU stay.
ED, emergency department; GCS, Glasgow Coma Scale; ICU, intensive care unit; ISS, Injury Severity Score; PTA, prior to emergency department arrival.