Microbial data by study
| Study | Empyema antibiotic prophylaxis group | Empyema control group | Pneumonia antibiotic prophylaxis group | Pneumonia control group |
| Grover et al 11 | Alpha Streptococcus, S. epidermidis (×2) | Microaerophilic Streptococcus, S. aureus (×2), S. epidermidis (×3), Escherichia coli, Enterococcus, and Proteus |
Haemophilus influenzae (×6), H. parainfluenzae (x4), H. haemolyticus, beta Streptococcus, S. epidermidis, Enterobacter, Candida (×3) |
H. influenzae (×4), H. haemolyticus,
beta Streptococcus, S. pneumoniae (×4), S. aureus (×3), Enterobacter (×2), Klebsiella (×2), Proteus, E. coli, and Citrobacter |
| LeBlanc and Tucker13 | No cases reported | S. aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa | No data reported | No data reported |
| Brunner et al 15 | No cases reported |
S. aureus (×5) and Klebsiella pneumoniae | S. aureus |
S. aureus and S. pneumoniae |
| Nichols et al 17 | No cases reported | Streptococcus (×2), S. aureus (×2), coagulase-negative Staphylococcus | No cases reported | H. influenzae (×2) |
| Gonzalez and Holevar18 | No cases reported | S. aureus (×2) | No cases reported |
S. pneumoniae,
S. aureus and H. influenzae |
| Maxwell et al 19 | S. aureus (×2) |
S. aureus (×3) and H. influenzae |
E. faecalis, Serratia marcenins, Moraxella morgagnii, H. influenzae (×3), S. aureus, S. pneumoniae, P. aeruginosa, mixed respiratory flora | S. pneumoniae (×2) |