PICO 1.2 impact of NSAIDs on morphine equivalents
| Author | Outcome definition | Groups | N | Male, n (%) | Age, y, mean (SD) | OME/MME | Study conclusions |
| Weisz16 | OME at 48 hours | Ibuprofen Placebo | 54 44 | 38 (72) 34 (77) | 42 (16) 41 (16) | 23 (18) 27 (16) | Ibuprofen significantly reduces opioids after traumatic fractures |
| McDonald14 | OME at 7 days | Ketorolac No ketorolac | 64 64 | 23 (36%) 30 (57%) | 48 (15) 46 (17) | 105 (89) 145 (104) | Decreased use of opioid medications |
| Xu7 | OME at 48 hours | Ketorolac No ketrolac | 31 32 | 16(51) 17 (53) | 50 (11) 49 (12) | 130 (48 hours) 194 (48 hours) | Significantly less opioid use in ketorolac group |
| Bayouth9 | OME at 7 days | Ibuprofen No Ibuprofen | 21 21 | 13 (62) 17 (81) | 52 (14) 53 (16) | 83 (54) 170 (115) | Significantly less opioid use in ibuprofen group |
| Haines5 | OME during hospital day | NSAID No NSAID | 21 367 168 690 | NR NR | 83 84 | 12 (13) 11 (13) | Significantly less opioid use in the NSAID group |
MME, Morphine Milligram Equivalents; NSAIDS, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; OME, oral morphine equivalent.