BACKGROUND The endothelial glycocalyx (GCX) plays an important role in vascular barrier
function. Damage to the GCX occurs due to a variety of causes including hypoxia, ischemia-…

BACKGROUND Systemic vascular endothelial injury is a consequence of trauma (T)/hemorrhagic
shock (HS) which results in disturbances of coagulation, inflammation, and …

Background Geriatric trauma patients have high circulating norepinephrine (NE) levels but
attenuated release of epinephrine (Epi) in response to increasing severity of injury. We …

BACKGROUND Plasma is an important component of resuscitation after trauma and
hemorrhagic shock (T/HS). The specific plasma proteins and the impact of storage conditions are …

BACKGROUND The intestinal epithelial barrier and the intestinal mucus layer may be
protective against trauma/hemorrhage shock–induced injury in females. This effect is related to …

BACKGROUND Early resuscitation after trauma-hemorrhagic shock with plasma rather than
crystalloid may ameliorate systemic endothelial cell (EC) injury and dysfunction (…

BACKGROUND Early hyperglycemia is associated with higher mortality in trauma and predicts
multiple organ failure. Endothelial cell (EC) injury and glycocalyx (GC) degradation occur …

BACKGROUND The incidence and severity of Clostridium difficile colitis have increased
dramatically in the last decade. Disease severity is related to C. difficile virulence factors, …

BACKGROUND: Secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA) is the principal immune defense against
luminal pathogens at gut mucosal surfaces. It also has anti-inflammatory activities that may …

Background Sexual dimorphism has been demonstrated after major trauma and hemorrhage
shock with protective effects related to female sex or estrogen. Traumatic endotheliopathy …