Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Figure 1
Primary and secondary outcome definitions for cases and controls. MME, morphine milligram equivalents.
- Figure 2
Population distribution.
- Figure 3
Box-and-whisker plot of the 48 hours total change in opioid consumption (MME) among all cases (n=33) and their matched controls (n=33), and patients who used marijuana and received dronabinol (n=19) and their matched controls (n=19). The box with line is the median and upper and lower quartiles, The X is the mean, and the points outside the box are outliers.
Tables
- Table 1
Matched cohort demographics and outcomes
Covariate, % (n) or mean (SE) Dronabinol cases (n=33) Non-dronabinol controls (n=33) P value Males 75.8 (25) 69.7 (23) 0.59 Mean age, years 29.9 (1.7) 30.0 (1.7) 0.90 Mean injury severity score 12.8 (1.3) 15.7 (2.0) 0.11 Cause of injury Vehicular crash 45.5 (15) 58.5 (16) 1.00 Fall cause 30.3 (10) 33.3 (11) 1.00 Other cause 24.2 (8) 18.2 (6) 1.00 Surgical intervention 63.6 (21) 63.6 (21) 1.00 Injury location/region Head injury 48.5 (16) 57.6 (19) 0.58 Chest injury 39.4 (13) 42.4 (14) 1.0 Abdominal injury 18.2 (6) 30.3 (10) 0.39 Spinal injury 27.3 (9) 54.6 (18) 0.01 Extremity 75.8 (25) 54.6 (18) 0.12 Pre-injury marijuana user 57.6 (19) 12.1 (4) 0.002 Pre-injury opioid user 12.1 (4) 3.0 (1) 0.25 Pain management contract 0 (0) 0 (0) NA Median (SE) hours to ‘post’period 54.5 (9.6) 48 (0) 0.11 Mean baseline* MME 168.8 (18.2) 129.6 (15.7) 0.07 Mean baseline* pain 5.8 (0.3) 4.9 (0.3) 0.05 Mean hospital LOS, days 9.3 (1.1) 11.4 (1.5) 0.17 Mean ICU LOS, days 2.2 (0.5) 4.0 (1.1) 0.12 P value: McNemar's test for categorical variables, paired t-test for continuous variables, Wilcoxon rank sum test for medians. The values in bold indicate statistical significance.
*Baseline: 48 hours before dronabinol (cases) and 0–48 hours from admission (controls).
ICU, intensive care unit; LOS, length of stay; MME, morphine milligram equivalents.
- Table 2
Matched cohort outcomes
Mean (SE) Dronabinol cases (n=33) Non-dronabinol controls (n=33) Difference P value Primary outcome Change in MME −78.7 (20.2) −8.6 (17.6) −70.2 (28.8) 0.02 Change in MME* −96.5 (24.5) 11.2 (28.4) −107.7 (39.8) 0.01 Secondary outcomes MME on treatment 90.0 (17.5) 121.0 (27.0) −30.9 (33.2) 0.36 Pain NRS on treatment 5.3 (0.3) 4.3 (0.3) 0.9 (0.5) 0.07 Change in pain NRS −0.4 (0.3) −0.6 (0.4) 0.1 (0.5) 0.78 Change in non-opioid multimodal pain adjuncts Acetaminophen, mg −468 (466) −434 (268) −34 (485) 0.94 Cyclobenzaprine, mg −5.5 (3.3) 0 (1.7) −5.5 (3.5) 0.12 Methocarbamol, mg 7.6 (68) −136 (111) 144 (130) 0.28 *Cases using marijuana (n=19) and their matched controls (n=19).
MME, morphine milligram equivalents; NRS, numeric rating score.
