Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Figure 1
The spectrum of traumatic brain injury (TBI).
Tables
- Table 1
Syndrome clinical manifestations
Timeline Syndromes Clinical manifestations Source Type Symptom Undefined Subconcussive trauma Typically undiagnosed Accumulative effect 43–46 <10 days Concussive trauma Somatic symptoms Headache, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, slurred speech imbalance, vacant stare, disorientation, or delayed response 47–53 Cognitive symptoms Confusion, temporary loss of consciousness, or poor concentration and attention 47–53 10 days to 3 months Concussive syndrome Somatic
symptomsHeadache, visual disturbance, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, gait balance control difficulties, photophobia, and phonophobia 54–60 Cognitive
symptomsFatigue, drowsiness, difficulty concentrating, cognitive slowing, motor planning 54–60 >3 months to several years Postconcussive syndrome Somatic symptoms Headache, visual disturbance, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, balance difficulties, photophobia, and phonophobia 48 52 61 62 Cognitive symptoms Fatigue, drowsiness, difficulty concentrating, cognitive slowing 48 52 61 62 Sleep symptoms Difficulty sleeping or sleeping more or less than usual 48 52 61 62 Emotional symptoms More emotional, sad, or irritable 48 52 61 62 Pervasive/progressive Chronic traumatic encephalopathy Somatic symptoms Unsteady gait, slow muscular movements, hesitant speech, hand or head tremors 63–70 Cognitive symptoms Mental confusion and short-term memory loss 63–70 Behavioral symptoms Irritability, impulsivity, aggression, depression, suicidal tendencies 63–70
Neuroimaging and advanced research techniques may lead to improved outcomes in military members suffering from traumatic brain injury
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