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Open Access

Neuroimaging and advanced research techniques may lead to improved outcomes in military members suffering from traumatic brain injury

Ron B Moyron, Paul A Vallejos, Ryan N Fuller, Natasha Dean, Nathan R Wall
DOI: 10.1136/tsaco-2020-000608 Published 7 January 2021
Ron B Moyron
1Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, USA
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Paul A Vallejos
1Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, USA
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Ryan N Fuller
1Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, USA
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Natasha Dean
2Department of Biology, La Sierra University, Riverside, California, USA
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Nathan R Wall
1Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, USA
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    Figure 1

    The spectrum of traumatic brain injury (TBI).

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  • Table 1

    Syndrome clinical manifestations

    TimelineSyndromesClinical manifestationsSource
    TypeSymptom
    UndefinedSubconcussive traumaTypically undiagnosedAccumulative effect43–46
    <10 daysConcussive traumaSomatic symptomsHeadache, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, slurred speech imbalance, vacant stare, disorientation, or delayed response47–53
    Cognitive symptomsConfusion, temporary loss of consciousness, or poor concentration and attention47–53
    10 days to 3 monthsConcussive syndromeSomatic
    symptoms
    Headache, visual disturbance, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, gait balance control difficulties, photophobia, and phonophobia54–60
    Cognitive
    symptoms
    Fatigue, drowsiness, difficulty concentrating, cognitive slowing, motor planning54–60
    >3 months to several yearsPostconcussive syndromeSomatic symptomsHeadache, visual disturbance, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, balance difficulties, photophobia, and phonophobia48 52 61 62
    Cognitive symptomsFatigue, drowsiness, difficulty concentrating, cognitive slowing48 52 61 62
    Sleep symptomsDifficulty sleeping or sleeping more or less than usual48 52 61 62
    Emotional symptomsMore emotional, sad, or irritable48 52 61 62
    Pervasive/progressiveChronic traumatic encephalopathySomatic symptomsUnsteady gait, slow muscular movements, hesitant speech, hand or head tremors63–70
    Cognitive symptomsMental confusion and short-term memory loss63–70
    Behavioral symptomsIrritability, impulsivity, aggression, depression, suicidal tendencies63–70
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Neuroimaging and advanced research techniques may lead to improved outcomes in military members suffering from traumatic brain injury
Ron B Moyron, Paul A Vallejos, Ryan N Fuller, Natasha Dean, Nathan R Wall
Trauma Surg Acute Care Open Jan 2021, 6 (1) e000608; DOI: 10.1136/tsaco-2020-000608

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Neuroimaging and advanced research techniques may lead to improved outcomes in military members suffering from traumatic brain injury
Ron B Moyron, Paul A Vallejos, Ryan N Fuller, Natasha Dean, Nathan R Wall
Trauma Surg Acute Care Open Jan 2021, 6 (1) e000608; DOI: 10.1136/tsaco-2020-000608
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Neuroimaging and advanced research techniques may lead to improved outcomes in military members suffering from traumatic brain injury
Ron B Moyron, Paul A Vallejos, Ryan N Fuller, Natasha Dean, Nathan R Wall
Trauma Surgery & Acute Care Open Jan 2021, 6 (1) e000608; DOI: 10.1136/tsaco-2020-000608
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