Article Figures & Data
- Table 1
Risk factors for coagulopathy after traumatic brain injury
Category Risk factors I. Patient characteristics Age ≥75 years
Preinjury anticoagulant and/or antiplatelet therapy
ICU admission
Intravenous fluids resuscitation ≥2–3 L
Hemoglobin <12.4 mg/dL
Hypothermia (temperature <35°C)
Hypotension (SBP ≤90 mm Hg)
SI ≥1
Base excess ≤−6
II. Injury characteristics GCS ≤8 before intubation
Abnormal pupils (unilateral or bilateral unreactive)
Penetrating head trauma
AIShead ≥5
ISS ≥16
Midline shift on head CT
Cerebral edema on head CT
SAH on head CT
AIS, Abbreviated Injury Scale; GCS, Glasgow Coma Scale; ICU, intensive care unit; ISS, Injury Severity Score; SAH, subarachnoid hemorrhage; SBP, systolic blood pressure; SI, shock index (heart rate/systolic blood pressure).
- Table 2
Predictors of progressive hemorrhagic injury after traumatic brain injury
Category Predictors I. Clinical Older age
Lower admission GCS
Higher AIShead
Higher blood product requirement
Intraparenchymal brain contusions
II. Initial conventional coagulation parameters Lower platelet count (especially <100×109/L)
Lower functional fibrinogen (especially <356 mg/dL)
High INR (especially >1.2)
Lower factor VII activity (especially <77.5%)
Higher admission D-dimer levels
Higher fibrin monomers (especially ≥131.7 µg/mL)
III. Initial viscoelastic measurements Narrower median alpha angle (especially ≤65°)
Prolonged κ-time (especially ≥1.65 min)
Prolonged R-time (especially ≥5.65 min)
AIS, Abbreviated Injury Scale; GCS, Glasgow Coma Scale; INR, international normalized ratio; ISS, Injury Severity Score; R-time, reaction time; κ-time, kinetic time.
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